Terrorism motivated by Islamist religious ideology has been on the
rise for the last forty years and has been called the "fourth wave"
of terrorism. Generally speaking, the previous Anarchist,
Nationalist, and Marxist waves arose out of some combination of
geo-political events and local grievances. The current wave,
however, did not seem to arise out of any analogous conditions.
While there were certainly events that helped catalyze Islamist
movements, these events did not seem to create the specific
grievances that would lead us to expect the wave of terrorism that
followed. In other words, our commonly held notions - of how
changes in structural conditions lead to grievances that, in turn,
give rise to terrorism - fail to explain the current Islamist wave
of terrorism. Absent a better explanation of this current wave of
terrorism, our understanding of it is flawed, as are the policies
and actions taken to mitigate and defeat it. In The Global Spread
of Islamism and the Consequences for Terrorism, Michael Freeman
examines the causes of terrorism, and how potential causal factors
have changed over time by looking at several key events of 1979,
how these events created incentives for different actors to spread
the supply of Islamism, the institutions that they created in
various countries, and the terrorists coming out of these
institutions. 1979 marked the emergence of revolutionary Islam as a
global political force, the beginning of market revolutions in
China and Britain that would radically alter the international
economy, and the first stirrings of the resistance movements in
Eastern Europe and Afghanistan that ultimately led to the collapse
of the Soviet Union. By tracing the conflict in Syria, terrorism
and sectarianism in Iraq, the war in Yemen, the nuclear and missile
programs, the security apparatus in Iran, and fundamentalist
operations around the world, Michael Freeman looks at the broader,
and more accepted (and not necessarily violent) ideology from which
many Islamic terrorists eventually arise.
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