In "Natural Rights and the New Republicanism," Michael Zuckert
proposes a new view of the political philosophy that lay behind the
founding of the United States. In a book that will interest
political scientists, historians, and philosophers, Zuckert looks
at the Whig or opposition tradition as it developed in England. He
argues that there were, in fact, three opposition traditions:
Protestant, Grotian, and Lockean. Before the English Civil War the
opposition was inspired by the effort to find the "one true
Protestant politics--an effort that was seen to be a failure by the
end of the Interregnum period. The Restoration saw the emergence of
the Whigs, who sought a way to ground politics free from the
sectarian theological-scriptural conflicts of the previous
period.
The Whigs were particularly influenced by the Dutch natural law
philosopher Hugo Grotius. However, as Zuckert shows, by the
mid-eighteenth century John Locke had replaced Grotius as the
philosopher of the Whigs. Zuckert's analysis concludes with a
penetrating examination of John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon, the
English "Cato," who, he argues, brought together Lockean political
philosophy and pre-existing Whig political science into a new and
powerful synthesis. Although it has been misleadingly presented as
a separate "classical republican" tradition in recent scholarly
discussions, it is this "new republicanism" that served as the
philosophical point of departure for the founders of the American
republic.
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