If we know something, do we always know it through something else?
Does this mean that the chain of knowledge should continue
infinitely? Or, rather, should we abandon this approach and ask how
we acquire knowledge? Irrespective of the fact that very basic
questions concerning human knowledge have been formulated in
various ways in different historical and philosophical contexts,
philosophers have been surprisingly unanimous concerning the point
that structures of knowledge should not be infinite. In order for
there to be knowledge, there must be at least some primary elements
which may be called a ~starting pointsa (TM).
This book offers the first synoptic study of how the primary
elements in knowledge structures were analysed in antiquity from
Plato to late ancient commentaries, the main emphasis being on the
Platonic-Aristotelian tradition. It argues that, in the
Platonic-Aristotelian tradition, the question of starting points
was treated from two distinct points of view: from the first
perspective, as a question of how we acquire basic knowledge; and
from the second perspective, as a question of the premises we may
immediately accept in the line of argumentation. It was assumed
that we acquire some general truths rather naturally and that these
function as starting points for inquiry. In the Hellenistic period,
an alternative approach was endorsed: the very possibility of
knowledge became a central issue when sceptics began demanding that
true claims should always be distinguishable from false ones.
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