This study seeks to resolve differences between various types of
political leaders and to link broad historical patterns with the
idiosyncratic circumstances of individual lives and careers--to
integrate the micro and the macro levels of understanding in the
field of leadership studies. To accomplish this task, a vast array
of previous scholarship and primary documents has been assembled
and drawn into new combinations. Equivalent data on all U.S.
presidents enable an unprecedented internal comparison within this
select group. Comparison with parallel data, developed for other
types of leaders, permits U.S. presidents to be analyzed in
comparative perspective for the first time. Against this
background, the study creates a unique collection of medical and
psychological profiles for the entire set of presidents--a body of
data that allows us to discover new combinations and patterns of
presidential traits.
American presidents emerged from this study looking very much
like other political leaders in terms of social background and
preparation for a political career. But contrary to myth, the
authors found U.S. presidents to be puzzingly unexceptional--even
average--in their personal and career characteristics. For other
types of leaders, the authors had found distinctive combinations of
traits and experiences that seemed to account for their political
leadership roles. For the presidents, such combinations seemed
elusive, even confounding. They did conclude, however, that
presidential leadership is firmly anchored in the cultural,
sociological, and historical contexts from which it emerges.
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