Paleosols formed in direct contact with the Earth's atmosphere, so
they can record the composition of the atmosphere through
weathering processes and products. Herein we critically review a
variety of different approaches for reconstructing atmospheric O2
and CO2 over the past three billion years. Paleosols indicate
relatively low CO2 over that time, requiring additional greenhouse
forcing to overcome the 'faint young Sun' paradox in the Archean
and Mesoproterozoic, as well as low O2 levels until the
Neoproterozoic. Emerging techniques will revise the history of
Earth's atmosphere further and may provide a window into
atmospheric evolution on other planets.
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