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Marine Mammals and Low-Frequency Sound - Progress Since 1994 (Paperback)
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Marine Mammals and Low-Frequency Sound - Progress Since 1994 (Paperback)
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Sound has become a major tool for studying the ocean. Although the
ocean is relatively opaque to light, it is relatively transparent
to sound. Sound having frequencies below 1,000 Hertz (Hz) is often
defined as low-frequency sound. The speed of sound is proportional
to the temperature of the water through which it passes. Therefore,
sound speed can be used to infer the average temperature of the
water volume through which sound waves have passed. The
relationship between water temperature and the speed of sound is
the basis for the Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate (ATOC)
experiment. The ATOC experiment is designed to monitor the travel
time of sound between sources off the coasts of Hawaii and
California and several receivers around the Pacific Ocean in order
to detect trends in ocean temperature and for other research and
monitoring purposes. Some whales, seals, and fish use low-frequency
sound to communicate and to sense their environments. For example,
baleen whales and some toothed whales are known to use and respond
to low-frequency sound emitted by other individuals of their
species. Sharks are not known to produce low-frequency sound but
are attracted to pulsed low-frequency sounds. Therefore, it is
possible that human-generated low-frequency sound could interfere
with the natural behavior of whales, sharks, and some other marine
animals. Marine Mammals and Low-Frequency Sound is an updated
review of the National Research Council 1994 report Low-Frequency
Sound and Marine Mammals: Current Knowledge and Research Needs,
based on data obtained from the MMRP and results of any other
relevant research, including ONR's research program in
low-frequency sound and marine mammals. This report compares new
data with the research needs specified in the 1994 NRC report,
focusing on the strengths and weaknesses of the data for answering
important outstanding questions about marine mammal responses to
low-frequency sound and identifies areas where gaps in our
knowledge continue to exist. Table of Contents Front Matter
Executive Summary 1 Introduction 2 Evaluation of the Marine Mammal
Research Program 3 Assessment of Continuing Research Needs 4
Regulatory Issues 5 Findings and Recommendations References
Appendix A Committee Biographies Appendix B Summary from NRC (1994)
Appendix C Relevant U.S. Legislation and Regulations for Marine
Mammals Appendix D OSHA Regulations Appendix E Glossary of Acronyms
Appendix F Species Mentioned in This Report
General
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