Tests were conducted to assess the performance of various
residential smoke alarms to kitchen fires and nuisance alarm
cooking scenarios. A test structure representing a kitchen, living
room and hallway was constructed to conduct the tests. Eight
different residential smoke alarms types, two photoelectric models,
two ionization models, two dual sensor models, and two
multi-sensor, intelligent models were used in this study. The data
gathered provided insight into the susceptibility of alarm
activation from exposures to typical cooking events and alarm times
for actual kitchen fires. The effects on the type of alarm, and its
distance from the cooking activity or fire were examined.
Combustible materials typically found on a counter top can spread
flames to overhead cabinets, and a single empty 0.6 m wide 1.0 m
tall cabinet can produce a peak heat release rate nearly sufficient
to flashover a small room. A protective metal barrier on the bottom
and side facing the range tended to limit the spread of flames to
the cabinet and reduce the heat release rate. All smoke alarms
responded before hazardous conditions developed. The I1 alarm
tended to respond first at a given location. Results show smoke
alarms placed at the furthest location may provide less than 120 s
of available safe egress time, which suggests a more central alarm
location closer to the kitchen for this configuration. Ten cooking
activities were examined to determine an alarm s propensity to
activate to cooking aerosols. In most cases, the propensity to
nuisance alarm decreased as the distance from the cooking source
increased. Alarms that rely on sensitive ionization chambers (here
I1 and D2) experience more nuisance alarm activations across all
cooking activities and locations. All alarms except I1 and D2
experienced about the same nuisance alarm frequency across all
cooking activities for locations outside the kitchen.
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