American political observers express increasing concern about
affective polarization, i.e., partisans' resentment toward
political opponents. We advance debates about America's partisan
divisions by comparing affective polarization in the US over the
past 25 years with affective polarization in 19 other western
publics. We conclude that American affective polarization is not
extreme in comparative perspective, although Americans' dislike of
partisan opponents has increased more rapidly since the mid-1990s
than in most other Western publics. We then show that affective
polarization is more intense when unemployment and inequality are
high; when political elites clash over cultural issues such as
immigration and national identity; and in countries with
majoritarian electoral institutions. Our findings situate American
partisan resentment and hostility in comparative perspective, and
illuminate correlates of affective polarization that are difficult
to detect when examining the American case in isolation.
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