Human illnesses can be understood as damage to those adaptations that we took on at various stages in our evolution from pre-life molecules to modern Homo sapiens. Preventing these illnesses entails avoiding what causes the damage–– which too frequently are the everyday hazards of twenty-first-century life, as the chart below shows:
| Level of Evolution | Cause of adaptive failure | resulting disease or problem |
| Pre-life | Environmental poisons | Certain birth defects |
| Single cell (bacteria and amoeba-like) | Viral infection | Colds/flu/HIV |
| Morula (sponge-like) | Cellular stress | Cancer |
| Chordate | Physical stress | Back pain |
| Fish | Excess dietary salt | Hypertension/heart disease |
| Amphibian | Tobacco smoke | Lung cancer/emphysema |
| Lower primate | Excess dietary sugar | Diabetes mellitus |
| Higher primate | Vitamin C deficiency | Scurvy |
| Ape | Excess dietary protein | Gout |
| Homo sapiens | Reduced dietary variety | Nutritionaldiseases/food allergies |
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