In Peacemaking from Above, Peace from Below, Norrin M. Ripsman
explains how regional rivals make peace and how outside actors can
encourage regional peacemaking. Through a qualitative empirical
analysis of all the regional rivalries that terminated in peace
treaties in the twentieth century-including detailed case studies
of the Franco-German, Egyptian-Israeli, and Israeli-Jordanian peace
settlements-Ripsman concludes that efforts to encourage peacemaking
that focus on changing the attitudes of the rival societies or
democratizing the rival polities to enable societal input into
security policy are unlikely to achieve peace.Prior to a peace
treaty, he finds, peacemaking is driven by states, often against
intense societal opposition, for geostrategic reasons or to
preserve domestic power. After a formal treaty has been concluded,
the stability of peace depends on societal buy-in through
mechanisms such as bilateral economic interdependence,
democratization of former rivals, cooperative regional
institutions, and transfers of population or territory. Society is
largely irrelevant to the first stage but is critical to the
second. He draws from this analysis a lesson for contemporary
policy. Western governments and international organizations have
invested heavily in efforts to promote Israeli-Palestinian and
Indo-Pakistani peace by promoting democratic values, economic
exchanges, and cultural contacts between the opponents. Such
attempts to foster peace are likely to waste resources until such
time as formal peace treaties are concluded between longtime
adversaries.
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