The guiding principle of peacemaking and peacebuilding over the
past quarter century has been "liberal peace": the promotion of
democracy, capitalism, law, and respect for human rights. These
components represent a historic effort to prevent a reoccurrence of
the nationalism, fascism, and economic collapse that led to the
World Wars as well as many later conflicts. Ultimately, this
strategy has been somewhat successful in reducing war between
countries, but it has failed to produce legitimate and sustainable
forms of peace at the domestic level. The goals of peacebuilding
have changed over time and place, but they have always been built
around compromise via processes of intervention aimed at supporting
"progress" in conflict-affected countries. They have simultaneously
promoted changes in the regional and global order. As Oliver P.
Richmond argues in this book, the concept of peace has evolved
continuously through several eras: from the imperial era, through
the states-system, liberal, and current neoliberal eras of states
and markets. It holds the prospect of developing further through
the emerging "digital" era of transnational networks, new
technologies, and heightened mobility. Yet, as recent studies have
shown, only a minority of modern peace agreements survive for more
than a few years and many peace agreements and peacebuilding
missions have become intractable, blocked, or frozen. This casts a
shadow on the legitimacy, stability, and effectiveness of the
overall international peace architecture, reflecting significant
problems in the evolution of an often violently contested
international and domestic order. This book examines the
development of the international peace architecture, a "grand
design" comprising various subsequent attempts to develop a
peaceful international order. Richmond examines six main
theoretical-historical stages in this process often addressed
through peacekeeping and international mediation, including the
balance of power mechanism of the 19th Century, liberal
internationalism after World War I, and the expansion of rights and
decolonization after World War II. It also includes liberal
peacebuilding after the end of the Cold War, neoliberal
statebuilding during the 2000s, and an as yet unresolved current
"digital" stage. They have produced a substantial, though fragile,
international peace architecture. However, it is always entangled
with, and hindered by, blockages and a more substantial
counter-peace framework. The Grand Design provides a sweeping look
at the troubled history of peace processes, peacemaking,
peacekeeping, and peacebuilding, and their effects on the evolution
of international order. It also considers what the next stage may
bring.
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