The" Posterior Analytics" contains Aristotle's Philosophy of
Science. In Book 2, Aristotle asks how the scientist discovers what
sort of loss of light constitutes lunar eclipse. The scientist has
to discover that the moon's darkening is due to the earth's shadow.
Once that defining explanation is known the scientist possesses the
full scientific concept of lunar eclipse and can use it to explain
other necessary features of the phenomenon. The present commentary,
arguably misascribed to Philoponus, offers some interpretations of
Aristotle that are unfamiliar nowadays. For example, the scientific
concept of a human is acquired from observing particular humans and
repeatedly receiving impressions in the sense image or percept and
later in the imagination. The impressions received are not only of
particular distinctive characteristics, like paleness, but also of
universal human characteristics, like rationality. Perception can
thus in a sense apprehend universal qualities in the individual as
well as particular ones.
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