Emily Dickinson's life and art have fascinated -- and perplexed
-- the poet's admirers for more than a century. One of the most
hotly debated elements of Dickinson's poetry has been her
unconventional use of punctuation. Now, in Inflections of the Pen,
Paul Crumbley unravels many of these stylistic mysteries in his
careful examination of manuscript versions of her poems --
including selections from the fascicles, Dickinson's own hand-bound
gatherings of her poems -- and of Dickinson's letters. Crumbley
argues that the dash is the key to deciphering the poet's complex
experiments with poetic voice.
From the time of Dickinson's first editors, Mabel Loomis Todd
and Thomas Wentworth Higginson, standard versions of her poetry
have tended to normalize the poems. Designated as either em- or
en-dashes in print by all but a few recent editors, Dickinson's
dash marks in the holography versions vary tremendously in length,
height, and angle. According to Crumbley, these varied dashes
suggest subtle gradations of inflection and syntactic disjunction.
The printed poems give the impression of a unified voice, whereas
the dashes that appear in the manuscripts disrupt conventional
thought patterns and suggest multiple voices.
The dash, therefore, becomes Dickinson's most expressive visual
signal. Crumbley believes that Dickinson's unorthodox practice
grants her readers the right to question linguistic authority. No
one voice seems to have primacy in Dickinson's poetry. Instead, the
poems provoke multiple readings that simultaneously affirm and
challenge the dominant social and political values of
nineteenth-century America.
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