That large financial contributions distort American politics and
American democracy is an idea that stands as a truism in political
debate. It has fired reform movements; it has inspired round after
round of efforts to limit who can give to candidates and parties,
how much they can give, and how much campaigns can spend. The laws
have generated constitutional arguments about free speech, a still
inconclusive literature on whether contributions actually shape
policy, and a great deal of work for lawyers and financial analysts
who monitor compliance. In the wake of Enron's collapse and
subsequent revelations about that corporation's involvement with
policy makers, the public's attention has once again focused on the
role that money plays in politics. Little of the scholarly work
(and none of the legal work) is historical. Yet history can shed
light on the long-running debate about the impact of money on
politics and what, if anything, are plausible policy options.
This collection of original essays is a step in that direction.
The chapters cover episodes from the early nineteenth century
through the 1970s. They illustrate how deep concern about money in
politics runs--and how the definition of the problem has changed
over time. Through the nineteenth century, the "spoils system" in
which party loyalists gained reward for their efforts appeared to
be the evil that blocked responsive parties and honest public
administration. Party war chests that brought howls of complaint
(and great exaggeration) seemed quaint by the middle of the
twentieth century. In part because reform had weakened the parties
and campaigns required consultants' skills in coordination and in
part because television advertising was so expensive, the cost of
campaigns rose. Candidates griped and policy entrepreneurs worked
out possible solutions, which were in place before the Watergate
scandal focused public attention on campaign finance. In the
history of campaign-finance reform, one generation's solutions have
tended to become another's problem. Contributors to the volume are
Paula Baker, Robert Mutch, Mark Wahlgren Summers, and Julian E.
Zelizer.
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