Justinian II became Roman emperor at a time when the Empire was
beset by external enemies. His forces gained success against the
Arabs and Bulgars but his religious and social policies fuelled
internal opposition which resulted in him being deposed and
mutilated (his nose was cut off) in 695\. After a decade in exile,
during which he strangled two would-be assassins with his bare
hands, he regained power through a coup d'etat with the backing of
the erstwhile Bulgar enemy (an alliance sealed by the marriage of
his daughter, Anastasia). His second reign was seemingly harsher
and again beset by both external and internal threats and
dissension over doctrinal matters. An energetic and active ruler,
his reign saw developments in various areas, including numismatics,
administration, finance and architecture, but he was deposed a
second time in 711 and beheaded. Drawing on all the available
evidence and the most recent research, Peter Crawford makes a
long-overdue re-assessment of Justinian's colourful but troubled
career and asks if he fully deserves his poor reputation.
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