In the middle of the nineteenth century a group of political
activists in New York City joined together to challenge a religious
group they believed were hostile to the American values of liberty
and freedom. Called the Know Nothings, they started riots during
elections, tarred and feathered their political enemies, and barred
men from employment based on their religion. The group that caused
this uproar?: Irish and German Catholics--then known as the most
villainous religious group in America, and widely believed to be
loyal only to the Pope. It would take another hundred years before
Catholics threw off these xenophobic accusations and joined the
American mainstream. The idea that the United States is a
stronghold of religious freedom is central to our identity as a
nation--and utterly at odds with the historical record. In
"American Heretics," historian Peter Gottschalk traces the arc of
American religious discrimination and shows that, far from the
dominant protestant religions being kept in check by the separation
between church and state, religious groups from Quakers to Judaism
have been subjected to similar patterns of persecution. Today, many
of these same religious groups that were once regarded as
anti-thetical to American values are embraced as evidence of our
strong religious heritage--giving hope to today's Muslims, Sikhs,
and other religious groups now under fire.
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