In 2011, the international community watched as a shockingly
unlikely community of citizens toppled three of the world's most
entrenched dictators: Ben Ali in Tunisia, Mubarak in Egypt, and
Qaddafi in Libya. This movement of cascading democratization,
commonly known as the Arab Spring, was planned and executed not by
political parties, but by students, young entrepreneurs, and the
rising urban middle class. International experts and the popular
press have pointed to the near-identical reliance on digital media
in all three movements, arguing that these authoritarian regimes
were in essence defeated by the Internet. Is that true? Should
Mubarak blame Twitter for his sudden fall from power? Did digital
media "cause" the Arab Spring? In Democracy's Fourth Wave?, Philip
N. Howard and Muzammil M. Hussain examine the complex role of the
Internet, mobile phones, and social networking applications in the
Arab Spring. Examining digital media access, level of grievance,
and levels of protest for popular democratization in 16 countries
in the Middle East and North Africa, Howard and Hussain conclude
that digital media was neither the most nor the least important
cause of the Arab Spring. Instead, they illustrate a complex web of
conjoined causal factors for social mobilization. The Arab revolts
cascaded across countries largely because digital media allowed
communities to realize shared grievances and nurtured transportable
strategies for mobilizing against dictators. Individuals were
inspired to protest for personal reasons, but through social media
they acted collectively. Democracy's Fourth Wave examines not only
the unexpected evolution of events during the Arab Spring, but the
longer history of desperate-and creative-digital activism through
the Arab world.
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