Since the early 1990s, voluntary programs have played an
increasingly prominent role in environmental management in the U.S.
and other industrialized countries. Programs have attempted to
address problems ranging from climate change and energy efficiency
to more localized air and water pollution problems. But do they
work? Despite a growing theoretical literature about how and why
voluntary programs might be effective, there is limited empirical
evidence on their success or the situations most conducive to their
approaches. Even less is known about their cost-effectiveness.
Getting credible answers to these questions is important.
Research to date has been largely limited to individual programs,
and protagonists and antagonists to the trend are at ever greater
disagreement, sometimes drawing opposite conclusions about the same
program. This innovative book seeks to clarify what is known by
looking at a range of program types, including different approaches
adopted in different nations. The focus is on assessing actual
performance via seven case studies, including the U.S. Climate Wise
program, the U.S. EPA's 33/50 program on toxic chemicals, the U.K.
Climate Change Agreements, and the Keidanren Voluntary Action Plan
in Japan.
The central goals of Reality Check are understanding outcomes
and the relationship between outcomes and design. Most of the
programs it studies have positive results, but they are small
compared with business-as-usual trends and the impact of other
forces -- such as higher energy prices. Importantly, potential
gains may be quickly exhausted as the "low-hanging fruit" is picked
up by voluntary programs. By including in-depth analyses by experts
from theU.S., Europe, and Japan, the book advances scholarship and
provides practical information for the future design of voluntary
programs to stakeholders and policymakers on all sides of the
Atlantic and Pacific.
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