This volume presents an array of perspectives that have been used
to understand changes during adolescence in cognitive functioning
and their relations to moral development, the connection between
cognitive changes and academic performance, and the impact of the
school environment on intellectual development and achievement.
Consistent with the ideas of a developmental-systems perspective,
the relationship between the developing person and features of
his/her setting are seen as essential in all areas of scholarship
reviewed in this volume. Nevertheless, variation in theoretical
perspectives present in the articles show that, when trying to
understand intellectual development and achievement in adolescence,
scholars differ in the extent to which they place primary emphasis
on the individual, on the context, or on the relationship between
the two.
For instance, the articles by Piaget and Kohlberg are based on
an organismic theoretical model which emphasizes that cognitive and
moral development, respectively, occur through a process (i.e.,
equilibration) that engages action of the person on the context
and, in mm, action of the context on the person. Nevertheless,
stage-related changes in organism are given primary importance in
these models. In turn, articles by Eisenberg and her colleagues
(1995), Leadbeater (1996), and Sameroff and his colleagues (1993)
also stress person-context relations but focus more on changes in
the ecology of the developing adolescent or student seeking to
achieve. The articles by Eccles and Wigfield (1995), Simmons and
her colleagues (1979), and Steinberg and his colleagues (1992)
stress relations between both person and context. Despite this
variation inemphasis on person, context, or person-context
relations, the articles underscore the point that all features of
the developmental system must be engaged, first, so that we may
understand the general components of individual differences in
intellectual and moral functioning and, second, and more
importantly, so that we may optimize such functioning among
youth.
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