Early in the 1240s the University of Paris hired a recent graduate
from Oxford, Roger Bacon by name, to teach the arts and introduce
Aristotle to its curriculum. Along with eight sets of questions on
Aristotle's natural works and the "Metaphysics" he claims to have
authored another eight books before he returned to Oxford around
1247. Within the prodigious output of this period we find a
treatise on logic titled "Summulae dialectices," and it is this
that is here annotated and presented in translation. The book is
unique in several respects. First, there is the breadth of its
sources. Not only do we find explicit reference to the usual
authors such as Aristotle, Plato, Boethius, Porphyry, Cicero, and
Priscian, we also find unexpected reference to Augustine, Bernardus
Silvestris, Donatus, Terence, and Themistius, along with mention of
the Muslim philosophers Algazel and Ibn Rushd. Second, it is clear
that Bacon is drawing on or reacting to an extraordinarily wide
variety of medieval sources: Garland the Computist, Hugh of St.
Victor, Master Hugo, Hugutius of Pisa, Isidore of Seville, Nicholas
of Damas, Nicholas of Paris, Richard of Cornwall, Robert Kilwardby,
Robert of Lincoln, and Robert the Englishman. Third, it
unexpectedly presents a full-blown treatment of Aristotle's theory
of demonstration. And finally, Bacon reveals a highly unorthodox
view of the signification of common terms. Bacon, here, takes his
students and us deeper into medieval sources and controversy than
any of his rivals do.
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