Nannochoristidae (=Nannomecoptera) and Boreidae (=Neomecoptera) are
traditionally assigned to the holometabolan order Mecoptera. Both
are presently in the focus of insect systematists. They differ
strikingly from the "typical" mecopteran pattern, not only in their
larval and adult morphology, but also in their life style and
reproductive biology. Phylogenetic affinities between Boreidae
("snow fleas") and fleas have been postulated mainly based on
molecular data, while morphological characters related to food
uptake and larval features suggest a close relationship between
Nannochoristidae and true flies. Both groups display fascinating
features such as preferred temperatures around 0 C, extremely
slender larvae adapted to running water, and a highly unusual
mating behaviour. Despite the extremely low number of known
species, there is no doubt that both groups are key taxa and in
their own way highlights in the evolution of the extremely
successful Holometabola. Their interesting characteristics and the
impressive number of recent studies on various aspects of
Nannochoristidae and Boreidae justifies a new volume in the
Handbook of Zoology series dedicated to these highly unusual taxa."
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