In Borders among Activists, Sarah S. Stroup challenges the
notion that political activism has gone beyond borders and created
a global or transnational civil society. Instead, at the most
globally active, purportedly cosmopolitan groups in the world
international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) organizational
practices are deeply tied to national environments, creating great
diversity in the way these groups organize themselves, engage in
advocacy, and deliver services.
Stroup offers detailed profiles of these "varieties of activism"
in the United States, Britain, and France. These three countries
are the most popular bases for INGOs, but each provides a very
different environment for charitable organizations due to
differences in legal regulations, political opportunities,
resources, and patterns of social networks. Stroup's comparisons of
leading American, British, and French INGOs Care, Oxfam, Medecins
sans Frontieres, Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, and
FIDH reveal strong national patterns in INGO practices, including
advocacy, fund-raising, and professionalization. These differences
are quite pronounced among INGOs in the humanitarian relief sector,
and are observable, though less marked, among human rights
INGOs.
Stroup finds that national origin helps account for variation in
the "transnational advocacy networks" that have received so much
attention in international relations. For practitioners, national
origin offers an alternative explanation for the frequently
lamented failures of INGOs in the field: INGOs are not inherently
dysfunctional, but instead remain disconnected because of their
strong roots in very different national environments."
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