The field of multimedia is unique in offering a rich and dynamic
forum for researchers from "traditional" fields to collaborate and
develop new solutions and knowledge that transcend the boundaries
of individual disciplines. Despite the prolific research activities
and outcomes, however, few efforts have been made to develop books
that serve as an introduction to the rich spectrum of topics
covered by this broad field. A few books are available that either
focus on specific subfields or basic background in multimedia.
Tutorial-style materials covering the active topics being pursued
by the leading researchers at frontiers of the field are currently
lacking. In 2015, ACM SIGMM, the special interest group on
multimedia, launched a new initiative to address this void by
selecting and inviting 12 rising-star speakers from different
subfields of multimedia research to deliver plenary tutorial-style
talks at the ACM Multimedia conference for 2015. Each speaker
discussed the challenges and state-of-the-art developments of their
prospective research areas in a general manner to the broad
community. The covered topics were comprehensive, including
multimedia content understanding, multimodal human-human and
human-computer interaction, multimedia social media, and multimedia
system architecture and deployment. Following the very positive
responses to these talks, the speakers were invited to expand the
content covered in their talks into chapters that can be used as
reference material for researchers, students, and practitioners.
Each chapter discusses the problems, technical challenges,
state-of-the-art approaches and performances, open issues, and
promising direction for future work. Collectively, the chapters
provide an excellent sampling of major topics addressed by the
community as a whole. This book, capturing some of the outcomes of
such efforts, is well positioned to fill the aforementioned needs
in providing tutorial-style reference materials for frontier topics
in multimedia. At the same time, the speed and sophistication
required of data processing have grown. In addition to simple
queries, complex algorithms like machine learning and graph
analysis are becoming common. And in addition to batch processing,
streaming analysis of real-time data is required to let
organizations take timely action. Future computing platforms will
need to not only scale out traditional workloads, but support these
new applications too. This book, a revised version of the 2014 ACM
Dissertation Award winning dissertation, proposes an architecture
for cluster computing systems that can tackle emerging data
processing workloads at scale. Whereas early cluster computing
systems, like MapReduce, handled batch processing, our architecture
also enables streaming and interactive queries, while keeping
MapReduce's scalability and fault tolerance. And whereas most
deployed systems only support simple one-pass computations (e.g.,
SQL queries), ours also extends to the multi-pass algorithms
required for complex analytics like machine learning. Finally,
unlike the specialized systems proposed for some of these
workloads, our architecture allows these computations to be
combined, enabling rich new applications that intermix, for
example, streaming and batch processing. We achieve these results
through a simple extension to MapReduce that adds primitives for
data sharing, called Resilient Distributed Datasets (RDDs). We show
that this is enough to capture a wide range of workloads. We
implement RDDs in the open source Spark system, which we evaluate
using synthetic and real workloads. Spark matches or exceeds the
performance of specialized systems in many domains, while offering
stronger fault tolerance properties and allowing these workloads to
be combined. Finally, we examine the generality of RDDs from both a
theoretical modeling perspective and a systems perspective. This
version of the dissertation makes corrections throughout the text
and adds a new section on the evolution of Apache Spark in industry
since 2014. In addition, editing, formatting, and links for the
references have been added.
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