Immunochemistry has broad applications for a wide variety of
environmental contaminants. However, the potential for applying
immunochemical methods to environmental measurements is just
beginning to be realized. Immunochemical methods are based on
specific antibodies combining with their target analyte(s). Many
specific antibodies have been produced for targets of environmental
and human health concern. Such antibodies can be configured into
various analytical methods. The most popular Immunochemical
technique in environmental analyses today is immunoassay.
Immunoassays have been shown to detect and quantify many compounds
of environmental interest such as pesticides, industrial chemicals,
and products of xenobiotic metabolism. Among the most important
advantages of immunoassays are their speed, sensitivity,
selectivity and cost-effectiveness.
Immunochemical methods for the analysis of environmental
contaminants are relatively new on the analytical chemistry scene.
These methods are based on the use of a specific antibody as a
detector for the analyte of interest. Immunoassays are rapid,
sensitive, and selective, and are generally cost effective for
large sample loads. They have been applied to diverse chemical
structures (i.e., triazines, sulfonylureas, organo-phosphates,
polychlorinated biphenyls, cyclodienes) and are adaptable to field
use. These characteristics make immunochemical analysis a valuable
tool for use by the environmental analytical chemist. This document
is designed to facilitate the transfer of this valuable technology
to the environmental analytical chemistry laboratory. Field
personnel who may need to employ a measurement technology at a
monitoring site mayalso find this manual helpful.
This book is a tutorial designed to instruct the reader in use
and application of immunochemical methods of analysis for
environmental contaminants. A brief introduction describes basic
principles and the advantages and disadvantages of the technology,
and gives a listing of references which supply more detail.
Preparation of the laboratory for use of this technology and the
general scientific considerations prior to using the technology are
discussed. Detailed step-wise procedures are given for analysis of
selected analytes, triazine herbicides, carbaryl, paraquat, and
p-nitrophenols, etc. In addition to the specific immunoassay
methods, a series of support techniques necessary to perform
immunochemical methods are described.
This book provides specific instruction for certain analytes,
but also serves to familiarize the novice reader with many generic
concepts needed to successfully utilize immunochemistry technology
including: applications, sampling, sample preparation, extraction,
cleanup, quality assurance, methods development and optimization,
data handling and troubleshooting. It is not necessary for the
reader to actually perform the immunoassays given in this User's
Guide to obtain familiarity with these concepts. The Guide is
written so that the information presented can be applied to other
immunoassays not given here. Thus, the strength of the Guide is its
universal applicability to immunoassay methods.
General
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