In Blood and Boundaries, Stuart B. Schwartz takes us to late
medieval Latin America to show how Spain and Portugal's policies of
exclusion and discrimination based on religious origins and
genealogy were transferred to their colonies in Latin America.
Rather than concentrating on the three principal divisions of
colonial society-Indians, Europeans, and people of African
origins-as is common in studies of these colonial societies,
Schwartz examines the three minority groups of moriscos, conversos,
and mestizos. Muslim and Jewish converts and their descendants, he
shows, posed a special problem for colonial society: they were
feared and distrusted as peoples considered ethnically distinct,
but at the same time their conversion to Christianity seemed to
violate stable social categories and identities. This led to the
creation of "cleanliness of blood" regulations that explicitly
discriminated against converts. Eventually, Schwartz shows, those
regulations were extended to control the subject indigenous and
enslaved African populations, and over time, applied to the growing
numbers of mestizos, peoples of mixed ethnic origins. Despite the
efforts of civil and church and state institutions to regulate,
denigrate, and exclude, members of these affected groups often
found legal and practical means to ignore, circumvent, or challenge
the efforts to categorize and exclude them, creating in the process
the dynamic societies of Latin America that emerged in the
nineteenth century.
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