The inspiration for this book came from an American Carbon Society
Workshop entitled "Carbon Materials for Advanced Technologies"
which was hosted by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 1994.
Chapter 1 contains a review of carbon materials, and emphasizes the
structure and chemical bonding in the various forms of carbon,
including the four allotropes diamond, graphite, carbynes, and the
fullerenes. In addition, amorphous carbon and diamond films, carbon
nanoparticles, and engineered carbons are discussed. The most
recently discovered allotrope of carbon, "i.e.," the fullerenes,
along with carbon nanotubes, are more fully discussed in Chapter 2,
where their structure-property relations are reviewed in the
context of advanced technologies for carbon based materials. The
synthesis, structure, and properties of the fullerenes and
nanotubes, and modification of the structure and properties through
doping, are also reviewed. Potential applications of this new
family of carbon materials are considered. The manufacture and
applications of adsorbent carbon fibers are discussed in Chapter 3.
The manufacture, structure and properties of high performance
fibers are reviewed in Chapter 4, and the manufacture and
properties of vapor grown fibers and their composites are reported
in Chapter 5. The properties and applications of novel low density
composites developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory are reported
in Chapter 6. Coal is an important source of energy and an abundant
source of carbon. The production of engineering carbons and
graphite from coal via a solvent extraction route is described in
Chapter 7. Applications of activated carbons are discussed in
Chapters 8-10, including their use in the automotive arena as
evaporative loss emission traps (Chapter 8), and in vehicle natural
gas storage tanks (Chapter 9). The application of activated carbons
in adsorption heat pumps and refrigerators is discussed in Chapter
10. Chapter 11 reports the use of carbon materials in the fast
growing consumer electronics application of lithium-ion batteries.
The role of carbon materials in nuclear systems is discussed in
Chapters 12 and 13, where fusion device and fission reactor
applications, respectively, are reviewed. In Chapter 12 the major
technological issues for the utilization of carbon as a plasma
facing material are discussed in the context of current and future
fusion tokamak devices. The essential design features of graphite
moderated reactors, (including gas-, water- and molten salt-cooled
systems) are reviewed in Chapter 13, and reactor environmental
effects such as radiation damage and radiolytic corrosion are
discussed. The fracture behaviour of graphite is discussed in
qualitative and quantitative terms in Chapter 14. The applications
of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics and Elastic-Plastic Fracture
Mechanics to graphite are reviewed and a study of the role of small
flaws in nuclear graphites is reported.
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