The Development of Ethics is a selective historical and critical
study of moral philosophy in the Socratic tradition, with special
attention to Aristotelian naturalism. It discusses the main topics
of moral philosophy as they have developed historically, including:
the human good, human nature, justice, friendship, and morality;
the methods of moral inquiry; the virtues and their connexions;
will, freedom, and responsibility; reason and emotion; relativism,
subjectivism, and realism; the theological aspect of morality. This
volume examines early modern moral philosophy from the sixteenth to
the eighteenth century. Volume 3 will continue the story up to
Rawls's Theory of Justice. The present volume begins with Suarez's
interpretation of Scholastic moral philosophy, and examines
seventeenth- and eighteenth- century responses to the Scholastic
outlook, to see how far they constitute a distinctively different
conception of moral philosophy. The treatments of natural law by
Grotius, Hobbes, Cumberland, and Pufendorf are treated in some
detail. Disputes about moral facts, moral judgments, and moral
motivation, are traced through Cudworth, Clarke, Balguy, Hutcheson,
Hume, Price, and Reid. Butler's defence of a naturalist account of
morality is examined and compared with the Aristotelian and
Scholastic views discussed in Volume 1. The volume ends with a
survey of the persistence of voluntarism in English moral
philosophy, and a brief discussion of the contrasts and connexions
between Rousseau and earlier views on natural law. The emphasis of
the book is not purely descriptive, narrative, or exegetical, but
also philosophical. Irwin discusses the comparative merits of
different views, the difficulties that they raise, and how some of
the difficulties might be resolved. The book tries to present the
leading moral philosophers of the past as participants in a
rational discussion that is still being carried on, and tries to
help the reader to participate in this discussion.
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