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The Chevron Doctrine - Its Rise and Fall, and the Future of the Administrative State (Hardcover)
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The Chevron Doctrine - Its Rise and Fall, and the Future of the Administrative State (Hardcover)
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A leading expert on the administrative state describes the past,
present, and future of the immensely consequential-and equally
controversial-legal doctrine that has come to define how Congress's
laws are applied by the executive branch. The Constitution makes
Congress the principal federal lawmaker. But for a variety of
reasons, including partisan gridlock, Congress increasingly fails
to keep up with the challenges facing our society. Power has
inevitably shifted to the executive branch agencies that interpret
laws already on the books and to the courts that review the
agencies' interpretations. Since the Supreme Court's 1984 decision
in Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council, this judicial
review has been highly deferential: courts must uphold agency
interpretations of unclear laws as long as these interpretations
are "reasonable." But the Chevron doctrine faces backlash from
constitutional scholars and, now, from Supreme Court justices who
insist that courts, not administrative agencies, have the authority
to say what the law is. Critics of the administrative state also
charge that Chevron deference enables unaccountable bureaucratic
power. Thomas Merrill reviews the history and immense consequences
of the Chevron doctrine and suggests a way forward. Recognizing
that Congress cannot help relying on agencies to carry out laws,
Merrill rejects the notion of discarding the administrative state.
Instead, he focuses on what should be the proper relationship
between agencies and courts in interpreting laws, given the
strengths and weaknesses of these institutions. Courts are better
at enforcing the rule of law and constitutional values; agencies
have more policy expertise and receive more public input. And,
unlike courts, agencies are subject to at least some political
discipline. The best solution, Merrill suggests, is not of the
either-or variety. Neither executive agencies nor courts alone
should pick up the slack of our increasingly ineffectual
legislature.
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