In 1730 a delegation of Illinois Indians arrived in the French
colonial capital of New Orleans. An Illinois leader presented two
ceremonial pipes, or calumets, to the governor. One calumet
represented the diplomatic alliance between the two men and the
other symbolized their shared attachment to Catholicism. The priest
who documented this exchange also reported with excitement how the
Illinois recited prayers and sang hymns in their Native language, a
display that astonished the residents of New Orleans. The
"Catholic" calumet and the Native-language prayers and hymns were
the product of long encounters between the Illinois and Jesuit
missionaries, men who were themselves transformed by these
sometimes intense spiritual experiences. The conversions of people,
communities, and cultural practices that led to this dramatic
episode all occurred in a rapidly evolving and always contested
colonial context.In "The Catholic Calumet," historian Tracy Neal
Leavelle examines interactions between Jesuits and
Algonquian-speaking peoples of the upper Great Lakes and Illinois
country, including the Illinois and Ottawas, in the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries. Leavelle abandons singular definitions of
conversion that depend on the idealized elevation of colonial
subjects from "savages" to "Christians" for more dynamic concepts
that explain the changes that all participants experienced. A
series of thematic chapters on topics such as myth and historical
memory, understandings of human nature, the creation of colonial
landscapes, translation of religious texts into Native languages,
and the influence of gender and generational differences
demonstrates that these encounters resulted in the emergence of
complicated and unstable cross-cultural religious practices that
opened new spaces for cultural creativity and mutual
adaptation.
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