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Technical Guide to Managing Ground Water Resources (Paperback)
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Technical Guide to Managing Ground Water Resources (Paperback)
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Ground water is the Nation's principal reserve of fresh water and
represents much of its potential future water supply. Ground water
on National Forest System (NFS) lands is a major contributor to
flow in many streams and rivers and has a strong influence on the
health and diversity of plant and animal species in forests,
grasslands, riparian areas, lakes, wetlands, and cave systems. It
also provides drinking water to hundreds of communities. Demands
for safe drinking water and requirements to maintain healthy
ecosystems are increasing, and complex social and scientific
questions have arisen about how to assess and manage the water
resources on NFS lands. This technical guide was developed to help
address these issues. Today, many of the concerns about ground
water resources on or adjacent to public land involve questions
about depletion of ground water storage, reductions in streamflow,
potential loss of ground water-dependent ecosystems, land
subsidence, saltwater intrusion, and changes in ground water
quality. The effects of many human activities on ground water
resources and on the broader environment need to be clearly
understood in order to properly manage these systems. Throughout
this technical guide, we emphasize that development, disruption, or
contamination of ground water resources has consequences for
hydrological systems and related environmental systems. Ground
water and surface water are interconnected and interdependent in
almost all ecosystems. Ground water plays significant roles in
sustaining the flow, chemistry, and temperature of streams, lakes,
springs, wetlands, and cave systems in many settings, while surface
waters provide recharge to ground water in other settings. Ground
water has a major influence on rock weathering, streambank erosion,
and the headward progression of stream channels. Pumping of ground
water can reduce river flows, lower lake levels, and reduce or
eliminate discharges to wetlands and springs. It also can influence
the sustainability of drinking-water supplies and maintenance of
critical ground water-dependent habitats. Increasingly, attention
is being placed on how to manage ground water (and surface-water)
resources on public lands in a sustainable manner. The potential
for ground water resources to become contaminated from
anthropogenic as well as natural sources is being scientifically
assessed. Each ground water system and development situation is
unique and requires a specific analysis to draw appropriate
conclusions. This technical guide begins by reviewing the
legislative and policy framework, and the issues related to ground
water inventory, monitoring, contamination, and development.
Individual sections then focus on key concepts, principles and
methods for managing ground water resources. Relevant special
topics, case studies, and field examples are highlighted throughout
the text. Additional information on some topics can be found in the
appendixes. This technical guide provides guidance for implementing
the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service national
ground water policy. It describes hydrological, geological, and
ecological concepts, as well as the managerial responsibilities
that must be considered to ensure the wise and sustainable use of
ground water resources on NFS lands. This document is one part of a
four-part information system on ground water management on the
national forests and grasslands. The other three parts are (1)
Forest Service policy on ground water (Forest Service Manuals FSM]
2543 and 2880); (2) a Forest Service sourcebook on State ground
water laws, regulations, and case law for all 43 States with NFS
land; and (3) a ground water inventory and monitoring technical
guide. When complete, the four parts will provide line officers and
technical specialists at all field levels with the science, policy,
and legal framework for Forest Service ground water-resource
management.
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