The earth s cryosphere, which includes snow, glaciers, ice caps,
ice sheets, ice shelves, sea ice, river and lake ice, and
permafrost, contains about 75% of the earth s fresh water. It
exists at almost all latitudes, from the tropics to the poles, and
plays a vital role in controlling the global climate system. It
also provides direct visible evidence of the effect of climate
change, and, therefore, requires proper understanding of its
complex dynamics.
This encyclopedia mainly focuses on the various aspects of snow,
ice and glaciers, but also covers other cryospheric branches, and
providesup-to-date information and basic concepts on relevant
topics. It includes alphabetically arranged and professionally
written, comprehensive and authoritative academic articles by
well-known international experts in individual fields. The
encyclopedia contains a broad spectrum of topics, ranging from the
atmospheric processes responsible for snow formation;
transformation of snow to ice and changes in their properties;
classification of ice and glaciers and their worldwide
distribution; glaciation and ice ages; glacier dynamics; glacier
surface and subsurface characteristics; geomorphic processes and
landscape formation; hydrology and sedimentary systems; permafrost
degradation; hazards caused by cryospheric changes; and trends of
glacier retreat on the global scale along with the impact of
climate change.
This book can serve as a source of reference at the
undergraduate and graduate level and help to better understand
snow, ice and glaciers. It will also be an indispensable tool
containing specialized literature for geologists, geographers,
climatologists, hydrologists, and water resources engineers; as
well as for those who are engaged in the practice of agricultural
and civil engineering, earth sciences, environmental sciences and
engineering, ecosystem management, and other relevant subjects.
General
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