The surface of solids had long been considered simply the external
boundary which determined the outside appearance of the solids but
had no intrinsic character of its own. The concept that surfaces
have specific properties and are the first and foremost means of
communication between individual things and the rest of the
universe is fairly new, coming into prominence only in the early
sixties. This new concept of surface properties was the result of a
vast accumulation of knowledge due to recent development of
research in this area. This breakthrough of surface science
resulted from the combined action of four factors: (i) control of
surface sample prep aration, (ii) control of the surface's
environment, (iii) improve ment of measurement tools and
techniques, and (iv) the importance of surface properties in many
new industrial areas. Nearly eighty techniques are now available to
help us answer to the following questions: what is the surface
structure or arrangement of surface atoms? what are the atomic
species present? what is the spatial distribution of foreign atoms?
what are the nature and distribution of possible defects on the
surface? what is the electronic structure of the surface atoms?
what is the motion of atoms on the surface? In general, two or more
analytical techniques are used concurrently to assure unequivocal
answers to problems. Different techniques employ different combina.
tions of incident probes and the scattered or secondary particles
that convey information regarding the sur faces.
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