1. 1. The Principle of Universalizability-an informal explication
This work is concerned with the so-called Principle of
Universalizability. As we shall understand it, this principle
represents a claim that moral properties of things (persons,
actions, state of affairs, situations) are essentially independent
of their purely 'individual' or-as one often says -'numerical'
aspects. l Thus, if a thing, x, is better than another thing, y,
then this fact is not dependent on x's being x nor on y's being y.
If a certain person, a, has a duty to help another person, b, then
this duty does not arise as a consequence of their being a and b,
respectively. And if in a certain situation, W, it ought to be the
case that certain goods are transferred from one person to another,
then this moral obligation does not depend on the individual
identities of the persons involved. The Universalizability
Principle may also be expressed in terms of similarities. Instead
of saying that the moral properties of x are essentially
independent of the individual aspects of x, we may say that any
object which is exactly similar to x, which is precisely like x in
all non-individual, 'qualitative' respects, must exhibit exactly
similar moral properties. Thus, if two persons are exactly similar
to each other, (if they are placed in exactly similar
circumstances, have exactly similar information, preferences,
character, etc. ), then they will have exactly similar rights and
duties.
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