What really happened in the centuries of conflict between Europe,
Russia, China, America, and the peoples of the Muslim world Crusade
and Jihad is the first book to encompass, in one volume, the entire
history of the catastrophic encounter between the Global
North-China, Russia, Europe, Britain, and America-and Muslim
societies from Central Asia to West Africa. William R. Polk draws
on more than half a century of experience as a historian, policy
planner, diplomat, peace negotiator, and businessman to explain the
deep hostilities between the Muslim world and the Global North and
show how they grew over the centuries. Polk shows how Islam arose
and spread across North Africa into Europe, climaxed in the vibrant
and sophisticated caliphate of al-Andalus in medieval Spain, and
was the bright light in a European Dark Age. Simultaneously, Islam
spread from the Middle East into Africa, India, and Southeast Asia.
But following the Mongol invasions, Islamic civilization entered a
decline while Europe began its overseas expansion. Portuguese
buccaneers dominated the Indian Ocean; the Dutch and the English
established powerful corporations that turned India and Indonesia
into colonies; Russian armies pushed down the Volga into Central
Asia, destroying its city-states; and the Chinese Qing dynasty
slaughtered an entire Central Asian people. Britain crushed local
industry and drained off wealth throughout its vast colonies.
Defeated at every turn, Muslims tried adopting Western dress,
organizing Westernstyle armies, and embracing Western ideas. None
of these efforts stopped the conquests. For Europe and Russia, the
nineteenth century was an age of colonial expansion, but for the
Muslim world it was an age of brutal and humiliating defeat.
Millions were driven from their homes, starved, or killed, and
their culture and religion came under a century-long assault. In
the twentieth century, brutalized and and disorganized native
societies, even after winning independence, fell victim to
"post-imperial malaise," typified by native tyrannies, corruption,
and massive poverty. The result was a furious blowback. A sobering,
scrupulous, and frank account of imperialism, colonialism,
insurgency, and terrorism, Crusade and Jihad is history for anyone
who wishes to understand the civilizational conflicts of today's
world.
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