With the development of the scanning tunneling microscope,
nanoscience became an important discipline. Single atoms could be
manipulated in a controlled manner, and it became possible to
change matter at its 'ultimate' level; it is the level on which the
properties of matter emerge. This possibility enables to construct
and to produce devices, materials, etc. with very small sizes and
completely new properties. That opens up new perspectives for
technology and is in particular relevant in connection with
nano-engineering.Nanosystems are unimaginably small and very fast.
No doubt, this is an important characteristic. But there is another
feature, possibly more relevant, in connection with nanoscience and
nanotechnology. The essential point here is that we work at the
'ultimate level'. This is the smallest level at which the
properties of our world emerge, at which functional matter can
exist. In particular, at this level biological individuality comes
into existence. This situation can be expressed in absolute terms:
This is not only the strongest material ever made, this is the
strongest material it will ever be possible to make (D Ratner and M
Ratner, Nanotechnology and Homeland Security). This is a very
general statement. All aspects of matter are concerned here.
Through the variation of the composition various forms of matter
emerge with different items.Nanosystems are usually small, but they
offer nevertheless the possibility to vary the structure of atomic
(molecular) ensembles, creating a diversity of new
material-specific properties. A large variety of experimental
possibilities come into play and flexible theoretical tools are
needed at the basic level. This is reflected in the different
disciplines: In nanoscience and nanotechnology we have various
directions: Materials science, functional nanomaterials,
nanoparticles, food chemistry, medicine with brain research,
quantum and molecular computing, bioinformatics, magnetic
nanostructures, nano-optics, nano-electronics, etc.The properties
of matter, which are involved within these nanodisciplines, are
ultimate in character, i.e., their characteristic properties come
into existence at this level. The book is organized in this
respect.
General
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