Production of Top 12 Biochemicals Selected by USDOE from Renewable Resources: Status and Innovation covers all important technological aspects of the production of biochemicals from renewable feedstock. All the important technological aspects of biomass conversion for example biomass pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis for cellulosic sugars production followed by the fermentation into chemicals and downstream recovery of the products is reviewed. Recent technological advancements in suitable microorganism development, bioprocess engineering for biomass conversion for cellulosic sugars production and various fermentation strategies and downstream recovery of these top 12 products is presented. Each bio-chemical selected by US Department of Energy i.e. ethanol, xylitol/sorbitol, furans (5-HMF, 2,5-FDCA,), glycerol & its derivatives, hydrocarbons) isoprene, iso-butadienes and others), lactic acid, succinic acid, 3-hydroxy propionic acid, levulinic acid and biohydrogen/biogas is included in a single book chapter. In addition to the technical aspects of these 12 biochemicals, general technological challenges dealing with lignocellulose refining, perspectives and solutions are elaborated in the book. Also, life cycle analysis, techno-economic viability, and sustainability index of biofuels/biochemicals are comprehensively reviewed in the book.

VLSI, or Very-Large-Scale-Integration, is the practice of combining billions of transistors to create an integrated circuit. At present, VLSI circuits are realised using CMOS technology. However, the demand for ever smaller, more efficient circuits is now pushing the limits of CMOS. Post-CMOS refers to the possible future digital logic technologies beyond the CMOS scaling limits. This 2-volume set addresses the current state of the art in VLSI technologies and presents potential options for post-CMOS processes. VLSI and Post-CMOS Electronics is a useful reference guide for researchers, engineers and advanced students working in the area of design and modelling of VLSI and post-CMOS devices and their circuits. Volume 1 focuses on design, modelling and simulation, including applications in low voltage and low power VLSI, and post-CMOS devices and circuits. Volume 2 addresses a wide range of devices, circuits and interconnects.

VLSI, or Very-Large-Scale-Integration, is the practice of combining billions of transistors to create an integrated circuit. At present, VLSI circuits are realised using CMOS technology. However, the demand for ever smaller, more efficient circuits is now pushing the limits of CMOS. Post-CMOS refers to the possible future digital logic technologies beyond the CMOS scaling limits. This 2-volume set addresses the current state of the art in VLSI technologies and presents potential options for post-CMOS processes. VLSI and Post-CMOS Electronics is a useful reference guide for researchers, engineers and advanced students working in the area of design and modelling of VLSI and post-CMOS devices and their circuits. Volume 1 focuses on design, modelling and simulation, including applications in low voltage and low power VLSI, and post-CMOS devices and circuits. Volume 2 addresses a wide range of devices, circuits and interconnects.

Commercially, D-xylitol is produced by chemical reactions that are tailored to the requirements of various sectors. However, due to the rising interest in sustainable development and ecologically benign practices, microbial transformation processes are generally preferred over the conventional chemical conversion process. The former have multiple advantages, including less chemical load on the environment, higher efficiency, and the ability to dilute multiple downstream transformation attempts while maintaining product yield and recovery.

This book aims to disseminate the most current advances in the biotechnological production of D-xylitol and its applications in medical and health care. It is a unique collection of 15 book chapters split into 5 sections and written by experts in their respective fields, who present critical insights into several topics, review current research, and discuss future progress in this area. This book also provides essential information on hemicellulose hydrolysis to recover D-xylose, detoxification of hemicellulose hydrolysates, and improved fermentation methods for increased D-xylitol production. The highlights of strain improvement to increase the D-xylitol titers and downstream recovery of D-xylitol are also discussed in several sections. The current applications of D-xylitol in medical and health care have been used to justify the cost incurred for setting up the demonstration plant for D-xylitol production in the market. Apart from researchers and post-graduate students in the field of microbial biotechnology, this book will assist those in the business community who deal with the economic analysis of bio-based products and their marketing.

This book will provide assistance to the broad range of readers involved in the crude oil import and production; renewable energy production; biomass analysis and bioconversion; greenhouse gas emissions; techno-economic analysis and government policies for implementing biofuels in India. This book presents important aspects on the large scale production of biofuels following a bio-refinery concept and its commercialization and sustainability issues. Hence, it is a useful resource to policy makers, policy analysts, techno-economic analysts and business managers who deal with commercialization and implementation of bio-based energy and other value-added products. The following features of this book attribute its distinctiveness: As a first uniquely focused scientific and technical literature on bioenergy production in the context of India. To its coverage of technological updates on biomass collection, storage and use, biomass processing, microbial fermentation, catalysis, regeneration, solar energy and monitoring of renewable energy and recovery process. To the technical, policy analysis, climate change, geo-political analysis of bioenergy and green transportation fuels at industrial scale.

This book discusses the commercialization of biofuels and the Brazilian government policies for the promotion of renewable energy program in Brazil, which could be a learning module for several countries for implementing biofuels policy to improve their socioeconomic status and make them energy independent.

Researchers in academia and industries, policy makers, and economic analysts will be assisted by important source of information in their ongoing research and future perspectives.

This book will benefit graduate and postgraduate students of chemical and biochemical engineering, forestry, microbiology, biochemistry, biotechnology, applied chemistry, environmental science, sustainable energy, and biotech business disciplines by signifying the applied aspects of bioenergy production from various natural sources and their implications. Graduate and postgraduate students as well as postdoctoral researchers will find clear concepts of feedstock analysis, feedstock degradation, microbial fermentation, genetic engineering, renewable energy generation and storage, climate changes, and techno-economic analysis of biofuels production technologies.

Lignocellulose Bioconversion Through White Biotechnology Comprehensive resource summarizing the recent technological advancements in white biotechnology and biomass conversion into fuels, chemicals, food, and more Lignocellulose Bioconversion Through White Biotechnology presents cutting-edge information on lignocellulose biomass conversion, detailing how white biotechnology can develop sustainable biomass pretreatment methods, effective plant cell wall degrading enzymes to yield high quality cellulosic sugars, and the eventual conversion of these sugars into fuels, chemicals, and other materials. To provide comprehensive coverage of the subject, the work offers in-depth critical analysis into both techno-economic and life cycle analysis of lignocellulose-based products. Each of the 16 chapters, written by a well-qualified and established researchers, academics, or engineers, presents key information on a specific facet of lignocellulose-based products. Topics covered include: Lignocellulose feedstock availability, types of feedstock, and potential crops that are of high interest to the industry Lignocellulose bioconversion, including both foundational technical aspects and new modern developments Plant cell wall degrading enzymes, including cellulase improvement and production challenges/solutions when scaling up Improvements and challenges when considering fermenting microorganisms for cellulosic sugars utilization Scaling up of lignocellulose conversion, including insight into current challenges and future practices Techno-economic aspects of lignocellulose feedstock conversion, green consumerism and industrialization aspects of renewable fuels/chemicals Students, academics, researchers, bio-business analysts, and policy-makers working on sustainable fuels, chemicals, materials, and renewable fuels can use Lignocellulose Bioconversion Through White Biotechnology to gain invaluable expert insight into the subject, its current state of the art, and potential exciting future avenues to explore.

This book explores recent advances in the microbial production of xylitol and its applications in food and medical sector. Xylitol is an important biomolecule from lignocellulose biorefinery which is produced from the xylose by chemical reactions or microbial fermentation methods. Currently, the demand of xylitol at commercial scale is being met through chemical methods. However, recent breakthroughs made in plant cell wall destruction, genetic engineering to develop the designer microorganisms, fermentation methods and media formulations and downstream processing have led the ways for sustainable production of xylitol at commercial scale in lignocellulose biorefineries. Microbial production of xylitol is preferred over the chemical processes as it is environmentally friendly, higher process efficiency with the desired product yield, and product recovery with minimum impurities. This book is a unique compilation of 11 book chapters written by experts in their respective fields. These chapters present critical insights and discuss the current progress and future progress in this area into fermentative xylitol production. Chapter 9 is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. For further details see license information in the chapter.

Biotechnological Production of Bioactive Compounds provides insights on the most recent innovations, trends, concerns, solutions and practical challenges encountered in the fields of enzyme technology and nanobiotechnology for the production of bioactive materials with extra health benefits. As nanobiotechnology has improved the bioactive extraction process significantly, many bioactives, including bioflavonoids, omega-3 fatty acids, biopigments and low calorie sugar substitutes are a pivotal part of the food industry. The book highlights the production of extra health benefits "bioactives'' from plants and microbes and explains how the extraction efficiency of bioactives molecules improves significantly with the recent advances in nanobiotechnology. Researchers in the fields of biochemical engineering, biotechnology, bioremediation, environmental sustainability and those in pharma industries will find the information in this book very helpful and illuminating.

This book focuses on biogas production by anaerobic digestion, which is the most popular bioenergy technology of today. Using anaerobic digestion for the production of biogas is a sustainable approach that simultaneously also allows the treatment of organic waste. The energy contained in the substrate is released in the form of biogas, which can be employed as a renewable fuel in diverse industrial sectors. Although biogas generation is considered an established process, it continues to evolve, e.g. by incorporating modifications and improvements to increase its efficiency and its downstream applications. The chapters of this book review the progress made related to feedstock, system configuration and operational conditions. It also addresses microbial pathways utilized, as well as storage, transportation and usage of biogas. This book is an up-to-date resource for scientists and students working on improving biogas production.

Advances in Sugarcane Biorefinery: Technologies, Commercialization, Policy Issues and Paradigm Shift for Bioethanol and By-Products, by Chandel and Silveira, compiles the basic and applied information covering cane and biomass processing for sugar and ethanol production, as well as by-products utilization for improving the economy of sugarcane biorefineries. In this unique collection of 14 chapters, specialists in their field provide critical insights into several topics, review the current research, and discuss future progress in this research area. The book presents the most current advances in sugarcane biorefinery, including sugarcane crop cultivation, new sugarcane varieties, soil health, mechanization of crop, technical aspects of first and second generation ethanol production, economic analysis, life cycle assessment, biomass logistics and storage, co-generation of heat and electricity, process intensification and alternative by-products utilization. The book also explores the business ecosystem of sugarcane biorefineries, marketing analysis of ethanol demand and price dwindling patterns, aiming for a futuristic scenario. This book will be especially useful for scientists, researchers and technicians who are working in the area of biomass based biorefineries, as well as professionals in the sugar and alcohol industry. It also brings relevant content for policy makers, market analysts, agriculture scientists and managers.

The book provides a detailed analysis of issues related to sub-threshold interconnect performance from the perspective of analytical approach and design techniques. Particular emphasis is laid on the performance analysis of coupling noise and variability issues in sub-threshold domain to develop efficient compact models. The proposed analytical approach gives physical insight of the parameters affecting the transient behavior of coupled interconnects. Remedial design techniques are also suggested to mitigate the effect of coupling noise. The effects of wire width, spacing between the wires, wire length are thoroughly investigated. In addition, the effect of parameters like driver strength on peak coupling noise has also been analyzed. Process, voltage and temperature variations are prominent factors affecting sub-threshold design and have also been investigated. The process variability analysis has been carried out using parametric analysis, process corner analysis and Monte Carlo technique. The book also provides a qualitative summary of the work reported in the literature by various researchers in the design of digital sub-threshold circuits. This book should be of interest for researchers and graduate students with deeper insights into sub-threshold interconnect models in particular. In this sense, this book will best fit as a text book and/or a reference book for students who are initiated in the area of research and advanced courses in nanotechnology, interconnect design and modeling.

The book provides a detailed analysis of issues related to sub-threshold interconnect performance from the perspective of analytical approach and design techniques. Particular emphasis is laid on the performance analysis of coupling noise and variability issues in sub-threshold domain to develop efficient compact models. The proposed analytical approach gives physical insight of the parameters affecting the transient behavior of coupled interconnects. Remedial design techniques are also suggested to mitigate the effect of coupling noise. The effects of wire width, spacing between the wires, wire length are thoroughly investigated. In addition, the effect of parameters like driver strength on peak coupling noise has also been analyzed. Process, voltage and temperature variations are prominent factors affecting sub-threshold design and have also been investigated. The process variability analysis has been carried out using parametric analysis, process corner analysis and Monte Carlo technique. The book also provides a qualitative summary of the work reported in the literature by various researchers in the design of digital sub-threshold circuits. This book should be of interest for researchers and graduate students with deeper insights into sub-threshold interconnect models in particular. In this sense, this book will best fit as a text book and/or a reference book for students who are initiated in the area of research and advanced courses in nanotechnology, interconnect design and modeling.

This book discusses the commercialization of biofuels and the Brazilian government policies for the promotion of renewable energy program in Brazil, which could be a learning module for several countries for implementing biofuels policy to improve their socioeconomic status and make them energy independent. Researchers in academia and industries, policy makers, and economic analysts will be assisted by important source of information in their ongoing research and future perspectives. This book will benefit graduate and postgraduate students of chemical and biochemical engineering, forestry, microbiology, biochemistry, biotechnology, applied chemistry, environmental science, sustainable energy, and biotech business disciplines by signifying the applied aspects of bioenergy production from various natural sources and their implications. Graduate and postgraduate students as well as postdoctoral researchers will find clear concepts of feedstock analysis, feedstock degradation, microbial fermentation, genetic engineering, renewable energy generation and storage, climate changes, and techno-economic analysis of biofuels production technologies.

Commercially, D-xylitol is produced by chemical reactions that are tailored to the requirements of various sectors. However, due to the rising interest in sustainable development and ecologically benign practices, microbial transformation processes are generally preferred over the conventional chemical conversion process. The former have multiple advantages, including less chemical load on the environment, higher efficiency, and the ability to dilute multiple downstream transformation attempts while maintaining product yield and recovery. This book aims to disseminate the most current advances in the biotechnological production of D-xylitol and its applications in medical and health care. It is a unique collection of 15 book chapters split into 5 sections and written by experts in their respective fields, who present critical insights into several topics, review current research, and discuss future progress in this area. This book also provides essential information on hemicellulose hydrolysis to recover D-xylose, detoxification of hemicellulose hydrolysates, and improved fermentation methods for increased D-xylitol production. The highlights of strain improvement to increase the D-xylitol titers and downstream recovery of D-xylitol are also discussed in several sections. The current applications of D-xylitol in medical and health care have been used to justify the cost incurred for setting up the demonstration plant for D-xylitol production in the market. Apart from researchers and post-graduate students in the field of microbial biotechnology, this book will assist those in the business community who deal with the economic analysis of bio-based products and their marketing.

This book focuses on biogas production by anaerobic digestion, which is the most popular bioenergy technology of today. Using anaerobic digestion for the production of biogas is a sustainable approach that simultaneously also allows the treatment of organic waste. The energy contained in the substrate is released in the form of biogas, which can be employed as a renewable fuel in diverse industrial sectors. Although biogas generation is considered an established process, it continues to evolve, e.g. by incorporating modifications and improvements to increase its efficiency and its downstream applications. The chapters of this book review the progress made related to feedstock, system configuration and operational conditions. It also addresses microbial pathways utilized, as well as storage, transportation and usage of biogas. This book is an up-to-date resource for scientists and students working on improving biogas production.

This book will provide assistance to the broad range of readers involved in the crude oil import and production; renewable energy production; biomass analysis and bioconversion; greenhouse gas emissions; techno-economic analysis and government policies for implementing biofuels in India. This book presents important aspects on the large scale production of biofuels following a bio-refinery concept and its commercialization and sustainability issues. Hence, it is a useful resource to policy makers, policy analysts, techno-economic analysts and business managers who deal with commercialization and implementation of bio-based energy and other value-added products. The following features of this book attribute its distinctiveness: As a first uniquely focused scientific and technical literature on bioenergy production in the context of India. To its coverage of technological updates on biomass collection, storage and use, biomass processing, microbial fermentation, catalysis, regeneration, solar energy and monitoring of renewable energy and recovery process. To the technical, policy analysis, climate change, geo-political analysis of bioenergy and green transportation fuels at industrial scale.

Extremophiles are known to thrive under harsh environmental conditions. Many extremophilic bio-products are already used as life-saving drugs. Recent technological advancements of systems biology have opened the door to explore these organisms anew as sources of products that might prove useful in clinical, environmental and drug development.