This book provides a general overview of the challenges of economic development for the five billion people living in developing countries. While they constitute over 80 percent of the world's population, they account for only 40% of the world's output, and are home to 2.6 billion people living on less than $2.00 per day. Thinking on economic development has shifted over time. Early theories that stressed capital formation and a heavy reliance on the public sector proved inadequate. Gradually, economists began to see that development was a complex, multifaceted problem that combined economic issues with problems of poverty and income distribution, insititution building and governance. While there have been many failures, there have also been many successes. Countries such as China, Chile, Ghana, and Korea demonstrate that good policies and strong institutions can result in remarkable progress. However, many poor countries, particularly those in Africa continue to lag behind. Closing this gap remains a major challenge for the world, particularly as the growing population and output of developing countries accelerate tensions in such areas as trade, immigration and financial flows.

Terrorism is one of the serious threats to international peace and security that we face in this decade. No nation can consider itself immune from the dangers it poses, and no society can remain disengaged from the efforts to combat it. The termcounterterrorism refers to the techniques, strategies, and tactics used in the ?ght against terrorism. Counterterrorism efforts involve many segments of so- ety, especially governmental agencies including the police, military, and intelligence agencies (both domestic and international). The goal of counterterrorism efforts is to not only detect and prevent potential future acts but also to assist in the response to events that have already occurred. A terrorist cell usually forms very quietly and then grows in a pattern - sp- ning international borders, oceans, and hemispheres. Surprising to many, an eff- tive "weapon," just as quiet - mathematics - can serve as a powerful tool to combat terrorism, providing the ability to connect the dots and reveal the organizational pattern of something so sinister. The events of 9/11 instantly changed perceptions of the wordsterrorist andn- work, especially in the United States. The international community was confronted with the need to tackle a threat which was not con?ned to a discreet physical - cation. This is a particular challenge to the standard instruments for projecting the legal authority of states and their power to uphold public safety. As demonstrated by the events of the 9/11 attack, we know that terrorist attacks can happen anywhere.

"How Do You Grab a Naked Lady?" is a sexy, horrific, funny, honest-to-the-bone memoir, with many interesting twists and turns. Sharon was torn between two opposing forces, her mother and dad. Her dad was an idealist, nothing but the best for his daughter. But with her mother, there was a bit of a problem. Mother was irrational, charming, seductive, unpredictable, and a brilliant woman with tendencies towards emotional outbursts, foul language and parading naked in public. Not the role model young Sharon wanted. Only choice left: Dad's dream of the white picket fence, including squeaky-clean husband, two children, a beautiful home and enough financial security so that his daughter would never need to work.

Sharon continually searched for the squeaky clean husband and the white picket fence. But she had two failed marriages. And many, many men. Too many. She came up empty. Sharon began to question her Dad's dream of the white picket fence. Eventually she discovered the answer in the most unlikely source-her Mother.

Current Topics in Vector Research is based on the premise that to un derstand the whole, one must first understand the component parts and how they interact. Here in Volume 4, as well as in future volumes, vector, pathogen, and host will be treated both individually and as integral parts of multifaceted transmission systems. It is our intention to present up-to date, coherent syntheses of the latest findings in vector research, suggest promising frontiers for future research, and call attention to possible prac tical applications of our present understandings of pathogen-vector-host interactions. To realize our goals, we invite world-renowned, veteran sci entists as well as neophytes to report on their individual areas of expertise. Where appropriate, authors are encouraged to draw conclusions and pro pose hypotheses that stimulate additional thinking and research or oth erwise further our understanding of vector transmission cycles and how such cycles might be interrupted. It is our hope that readers will agree that we are serving these objectives and creating a milieu for specialists and generalists in vector research to maintain rapport and understanding."

Every year, billions of dollars of environmental aid flow from the rich governments of the North to the poor governments of the South. Why do donors provide this aid? What do they seek to achieve? How effective is the aid given? And does it always go to the places of greatest environmental need?
From the first Earth Summit in Stockholm in 1972 to the G8 Gleneagles meeting in 2005, the issue of the impact of aid on the global environment has been the subject of vigorous protest and debate. How much progress has there been in improving environmental protection and clean-up in the developing world? What explains the patterns of environmental aid spending and distribution - is it designed to address real problems, achieve geopolitical or commercial gains abroad, or buy political mileage at home? And what are the consequences for the estimated 4 million people that die each year from air pollution, unsafe drinking water, and lack of sanitation?
All of these questions and many more are addressed in this groundbreaking text, which is based on the authors' work compiling the most comprehensive dataset of foreign aid ever assembled. By evaluating the likely environment impact of over 400,000 development projects by more than 50 donors to over 170 recipient nations between 1970 and 2001, Greening Aid represents a unique, state of the art picture of what is happening in foreign assistance, and its impact on the environment. Greening Aid explains major trends and shifts over the last three decades, ranks donors according to their performance, and offers case studies which compare and contrast donors and types of environmental aid.

This volume constitutes the proceedings of the First European Conference on Intelligence and Security Informatics, EuroISI 2008, held in Esbjerg Denmark, December 3-5, 2008. Intelligence and security informatics (ISI) is a multidisciplinary ?eld enc- passing methodologies, models, algorithms, and advanced tools for intelligence analysis, homeland security, terrorism research as well as security-related public policies. EuroISI 2008 was the ?rst European edition of the series of ISI sym- siums that have been held annually in the USA since 2003, and more recently in Asia. These meetings gather together people from previously disparate c- munities to provide a stimulating forum for the exchange of ideas and results. Participantshave included academic researchers(especially in the ?elds of inf- mation technologies, computer science, public policy, and social and behavioral studies), law enforcement and intelligence experts, as well as information te- nology companies, industry consultants and practitioners in the relevant ?elds. These proceedings contain 25 originalpapers, out of 48 submissions received, related to the topics of intelligence and security informatics. The papers cover a broad range of ?elds such as: social network analysis, knowledge discovery, web-based intelligence and analysis, privacy protection, access control, digital rights management, malware and intrusion detection, surveillance, crisis m- agement, andcomputationalintelligence, amongothers.Additionallytothemain conference, a poster section was organize

This volume contains the ?nal proceedings of the MetaInformatics Symposium 2003 (MIS 2003). The event was held September 17 20 on the campus of the Graz University of Technology in Graz, Austria. As with previous events in the MIS series, MIS 2003 brought together - searchers and practitioners from a wide variety of ?elds to discuss a broad range of topics and ideas related to the ?eld of computer science. The contributions that were accepted to and presented at the symposium are of a wide variety. Theyrangefromtheoreticalconsiderationsofimportantmetainformatics-related questions and issues to practical descriptions of approaches and systems that - fer assistance in their resolution. I hope you will ?nd the papers contained in this volume as interesting as the other members of the program committee and Ihave. These proceedings would not have been possible without the help and ass- tance of many people. In particular I would like to acknowledge the assistance of Springer-Verlag in Heidelberg, Germany, especially Anna Kramer, the computer science editor, and Alfred Hofmann, the executive editor for the LNCS series."

This Brief offers a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the current developments in the field of prospective memory, or memory for delayed intentions. It explores several key areas in prospective memory research, including computational modeling, neuroscience and prospective memory, output monitoring, and implementation intentions. It seeks to increase understanding of prospective memory as well as offer the latest and most compelling findings in the field. Prospective memory, or the act of remembering to carry out a previously formed intention, requires the processes of encoding, storage, and delayed retrieval of intended actions. Chapters in this Brief discuss the implementation and execution of intended actions, as well as the conditions in which they can fail. In addition, chapters also include reviews of the current state of the neuroscience of prospective memory as well as developments in statistical modeling. Laboratory research in the field of prospective memory began in the late 1980s and since then, the number of studies has increased exponentially. This Brief provides timely and relevant information in a field that is ever expanding and growing. This Brief is an informative resource for researchers and undergraduate and graduate students in the field of psychology, cognitive psychology, and neuroscience.

Terrorism is one of the serious threats to international peace and security that we face in this decade. No nation can consider itself immune from the dangers it poses, and no society can remain disengaged from the efforts to combat it. The termcounterterrorism refers to the techniques, strategies, and tactics used in the ?ght against terrorism. Counterterrorism efforts involve many segments of so- ety, especially governmental agencies including the police, military, and intelligence agencies (both domestic and international). The goal of counterterrorism efforts is to not only detect and prevent potential future acts but also to assist in the response to events that have already occurred. A terrorist cell usually forms very quietly and then grows in a pattern - sp- ning international borders, oceans, and hemispheres. Surprising to many, an eff- tive "weapon", just as quiet - mathematics - can serve as a powerful tool to combat terrorism, providing the ability to connect the dots and reveal the organizational pattern of something so sinister. The events of 9/11 instantly changed perceptions of the wordsterrorist andn- work, especially in the United States. The international community was confronted with the need to tackle a threat which was not con?ned to a discreet physical - cation. This is a particular challenge to the standard instruments for projecting the legal authority of states and their power to uphold public safety. As demonstrated by the events of the 9/11 attack, we know that terrorist attacks can happen anywhere.

Driven by counter-terrorism efforts, marketing analysis and an explosion in online social networking in recent years, data mining has moved to the forefront of information science. This proposed Special Issue on Data Mining for Social Network Data will present a broad range of recent studies in social networking analysis. It will focus on emerging trends and needs in discovery and analysis of communities, solitary and social activities, activities in open for a and commercial sites as well. It will also look at network modeling, infrastructure construction, dynamic growth and evolution pattern discovery using machine learning approaches and multi-agent based simulations. Editors are three rising stars in world of data mining, knowledge discovery, social network analysis, and information infrastructures, and are anchored by Springer author/editor Hsinchun Chen (Terrorism Informatics; Medical Informatics; Digital Government), who is one of the most prominent intelligence analysis and data mining experts in the world.

Disasters and public health emergencies can stress health care systems to the breaking point and disrupt delivery of vital medical services. During such crises, hospitals and long-term care facilities may be without power; trained staff, ambulances, medical supplies and beds could be in short supply; and alternate care facilities may need to be used. Planning for these situations is necessary to provide the best possible health care during a crisis and, if needed, equitably allocate scarce resources. Crisis Standards of Care: A Toolkit for Indicators and Triggers examines indicators and triggers that guide the implementation of crisis standards of care and provides a discussion toolkit to help stakeholders establish indicators and triggers for their own communities. Together, indicators and triggers help guide operational decision making about providing care during public health and medical emergencies and disasters. Indicators and triggers represent the information and actions taken at specific thresholds that guide incident recognition, response, and recovery. This report discusses indicators and triggers for both a slow onset scenario, such as pandemic influenza, and a no-notice scenario, such as an earthquake. Crisis Standards of Care features discussion toolkits customized to help various stakeholders develop indicators and triggers for their own organizations, agencies, and jurisdictions. The toolkit contains scenarios, key questions, and examples of indicators, triggers, and tactics to help promote discussion. In addition to common elements designed to facilitate integrated planning, the toolkit contains chapters specifically customized for emergency management, public health, emergency medical services, hospital and acute care, and out-of-hospital care. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1: Introduction 2: Indicators and Triggers 3: Toolkit Part 1: Introduction 4: Toolkit Part 2: Emergency Management 5: Toolkit Part 2: Public Health 6: Toolkit Part 2: Behavioral Health 7: Toolkit Part 2: Emergency Medical Services 8: Toolkit Part 2: Hospital and Acute Care 9: Toolkit Part 2: Out-of-Hospital Care Appendix A: Glossary Appendix B: Open Session Agenda Appendix C: Committee Biosketches