Origin and General Nature of Retroviruses; H.M. Temin. Structure and Classification of Retroviruses; J.M. Coffin. Evolutionary Potential of Complex Retroviruses; G.M. Myers, G.N. Pavlakis. Retroelements in Microorganisms; D.J. Garfinkel. Biology of Avian Retroviruses; L.N. Payne. Retroviruses in Rodents; C.A. Kozak, S. Ruscetti. 1 additional article. Index.

Before the 1960s, psychoanalysis and psychodynamic psychotherapy were the dominant modes of treatment within psychiatry. These treatments have faced increasing scrutiny and skepticism as the movement towards evidence-based treatments has intensified and the mental health field has been asked to treat increasingly ill and severely character-disordered patients. Psychodynamic psychotherapy has lost status within the mental health field as other forms of treatment have developed a strong and well-funded research base. At the same time, the exciting bursts of knowledge about the functioning of the brain and the subsequent development of psychopharmacologic treatments have added to treatment alternatives. This development has served to help patients but also to decrease the frequency with which dynamic treatments are indicated. Criticisms of psychoanalytic treatments, which are grounded in elaborate theories of the mind that have been evolving since the late 19th century, have been valid to the extent that a scientific basis for the work was missing. Recently, however, there has been an explosion in empirical research on psychoanalytic theories and treatments. There have been more than 70 randomized controlled trials of psychodynamic psychotherapy and psychoanalysis, and much more research supporting psychodynamic principles and specific psychodynamic treatments for many diagnostic categories. In this volume of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Research: Evidence-Based Practice and Practice-Based Evidence we demonstrate the relevance of and scientific support for psychodynamic treatment across a wide range of diagnostic categories and treatment strategies. One of the difficulties in the field of psychodynamic psychotherapy is that researchers and clinicians have not embraced one another. Clinicians have felt that researchers are ivory tower academics not on the front lines of clinical care, and researchers have felt that clinicians have little ap

This volume is directed toward researchers and health professionals with an interest in the interstices of social networks and health. It consists of original papers that address critical themes in health-related social network research and disease prevention. The sections discuss the dynamics of social networks and their role in providing social support under varying conditions and contexts; how social network theory and research contribute to disease prevention and control; methodological issues that affect recall and agreement when conducting social network studies; how social networks structure and facilitate or discourage health risk; and the role of network ties in disease prevention. The volume concludes by examining the influence of social support in health promotion, symptom identification and disease management.

The books in this acclaimed series are the most detailed, up-to-date accounts of the field available. Volume 3 explores the oncogenic potential shared by retroviruses of different species, the widespread presence of retrovirues in nature, and the role of retroviruses in normal development and pathogenesis.

In this second volume in the series The Retroviridae, the readers are treated to up-to-date reviews on these viruses, which are found in a variety of animal species. The volume begins with important observations on the general fea tures of retrovirus entry into cells as determined by the viral envelope glyco proteins and the cell surface receptors (Chapter 1). Aspects of this virus-cell interaction form the basis for the variety of biologic effects associated with this virus family. A timely review of the oncogenic feline viruses is included next (Chapter 2). These viruses, along with the avian and murine retroviruses (Volume 1, Chapters 6 and 7), have provided valuable insight into cancer induction in other animal species, including humans. Two other major groups of retroviruses, the lentiviruses and the spuma viruses, are introduced in the present volume. Initially these groups, along with oncoviruses, were the three subfamilies in the Retroviridae. This com plex virus family has now been reclassified into seven separate genera (Vol ume 1, Chapter 2). Equine infectious anemia virus is the prototype for a lentivirus (Chapter 5). One of the first viruses discovered in nature (1904), it was only relatively recently recognized as a retrovirus. Lentiviruses are asso ciated primarily with immunologic disorders such as autoimmunity and AIDS (Chapters 3-5), but their association with neurologic disease is also well established (Chapters 4 and 5, and future volumes)."

depth overview of the retrovirus family. I have greatly enjoyed and learned from this experience. Each chapter is an excellent introduction to the topic covered and provides a good foundation for further work in the field. Jay A. Levy University of California School of Medicine San Francisco, California REFERENCES Brown, E. W., Yuhki, N., Packer, C., and O'Brien, S. J., 1994, A lion lentivirus related to feline immunodeficiency virus: Epidemiologic and phylogenetic aspects, ,. Viral. 68:5953-5968. Merza, M., Larsson, E., Steen, M., and Morein, B., 1994, Association of a retrovirus with a wasting condition in the Swedish moose, Virology 202:956-961. Contents Chapter 1 The Human Immunodeficiency Viruses Edward Barker, Susan W Barnett, Leonidas Stamatatos, and Jay A. Levy I. Introduction .................................................... 1 TI. Description of Agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 A. Virus Structure .............................................. 2 B. Genetic Organization and Gene Function ...................... 2 TIL Transmission.................................................... 7 A. General Observations ........................................ 7 B. HIV Transmission by Blood and Blood Products ................ 8 C. HIV Transmission by Genital Fluids ........................... 10 D. HIV Transmission by Other Body Fluids ....................... 12 E. Mother-to-Child Transmission ................................ 12 IV. HIV Infection of the Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Introduction ................................................. 13 B. HIV-Cell Interaction............ ............... .............. 15 C. CD4-Induced gp120 Conformational Changes .................. 16 D. Soluble CD4-Induced gp120-gp41 Dissociation..... ............ 16 E. gp120 Proteolytic Cleavage ................................... 17 F. pH-Independent Membrane Fusion ............................ 19 G. Transmission of HIV by Cell-to-Cell Fusion.................... 19 H. Additional Cell Surface Receptors for HIV ..................... 20 I. The Envelope Region and Cell Tropism ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 . . . .

This volume contains selected contributions from individuals who attended the Sec ond International Conference of the International Council for Global Health Progress (ICGHP) held at UNESCO in Paris, France, on January 15-17, 1996. This conference brought together experts in many disciplines that deal with the devastating diseases of cancer and AIDS with a focus on the concerns for quality of life. The ICGHP fosters mul ticultural and, multidisciplinary approaches to global health problems to help influence governments and other international health organizations to emphasize prevention and care of diseases and to understand their scientific, social, and cultural features. The Coun cil encourages the interchange of information on health problems and policy and supports educational funding for the public at large. Its objective is to effect diseases-free lives in the world community. Participants of the conference included scientists, sociologists, government leaders, physicians, health care providers, epidemiologists, religious leaders, company officials, ethicists, and philosophers. They examined and discussed the many variables involved in quality of life for people affected with cancer and with AIDS. The volume's text begins with introductory comments by officials attending the JCGHP conference. Subsequently, a chapter is dedicated to one aspect of quality of life, be it definition, scientific research, evolution, cultural changes, ethics, measurements, or other issues dealing with health care and treatment survival. The second part of the volume includes commentaries dealing with fi ve aspects of quality of life which merit consideration."

This handbook presents comprehensive coverage of the technology for conveying and handling particulate solids. Each chapter covers a different topic and contains both fundamentals and applications. Usually, each chapter, or a topic within a chapter, starts with one of the review papers. Chapter 1 covers the characterization of the particulate materials. Chapter 2 covers the behaviour of particulate materials during storage, and presents recent developments in storage and feeders design and performance. Chapter 3 presents fundamental studies of particulate flow, while Chapters 4 and 5 present transport solutions, and the pitfalls of pneumatic, slurry, and capsule conveying. Chapters 6, 7 and 8 cover both the fundamentals and development of processes for particulate solids, starting from fluidisation and drying, segregation and mixing, and size-reduction and enlargement. Chapter 9 presents environmental aspects and the classification of the particulate materials after they have been handled by one of the above-mentioned processes. Finally, Chapter 10 covers applications and developments of measurement techniques that are the heart of the analysis of any conveying or handling system.

The importance of conducting empirical research for the future of psychodynamics is presented in this excellent new volume. In Handbook of Evidence Based Psychodynamic Psychotherapy: Bridging the Gap Between Science and Practice, the editors provide evidence that supports this type of research for two primary reasons. The first reason concerns the current marginalization of psychodynamic work within the mental health field. Sound empirical research has the potential to affirm the important role that psychodynamic theory and treatment have in modern psychiatry and psychology. The second reason that research is crucial to the future of psychodynamic work concerns the role that systematic empirical investigations can have in developing and refining effective approaches to a variety of clinical problems. Empirical research functions as a check on subjectivity and theoretical alliances in on-going attempts to determine the approaches most helpful in working with patients clinically. Handbook of Evidence Based Psychodynamic Psychotherapy: Bridging the Gap Between Science and Practice brings together a panel of distinguished clinician-researchers who have been publishing their findings for decades. This important new book provides compelling evidence that psychodynamic psychotherapy is an effective treatment for many common psychological problems.

depth overview of the retrovirus family. I have greatly enjoyed and learned from this experience. Each chapter is an excellent introduction to the topic covered and provides a good foundation for further work in the field. Jay A. Levy University of California School of Medicine San Francisco, California REFERENCES Brown, E. W., Yuhki, N., Packer, C., and O'Brien, S. J., 1994, A lion lentivirus related to feline immunodeficiency virus: Epidemiologic and phylogenetic aspects, ,. Viral. 68:5953-5968. Merza, M., Larsson, E., Steen, M., and Morein, B., 1994, Association of a retrovirus with a wasting condition in the Swedish moose, Virology 202:956-961. Contents Chapter 1 The Human Immunodeficiency Viruses Edward Barker, Susan W Barnett, Leonidas Stamatatos, and Jay A. Levy I. Introduction .................................................... 1 TI. Description of Agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 A. Virus Structure .............................................. 2 B. Genetic Organization and Gene Function ...................... 2 TIL Transmission.................................................... 7 A. General Observations ........................................ 7 B. HIV Transmission by Blood and Blood Products ................ 8 C. HIV Transmission by Genital Fluids ........................... 10 D. HIV Transmission by Other Body Fluids ....................... 12 E. Mother-to-Child Transmission ................................ 12 IV. HIV Infection of the Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. Introduction ................................................. 13 B. HIV-Cell Interaction............ ............... .............. 15 C. CD4-Induced gp120 Conformational Changes .................. 16 D. Soluble CD4-Induced gp120-gp41 Dissociation..... ............ 16 E. gp120 Proteolytic Cleavage ................................... 17 F. pH-Independent Membrane Fusion ............................ 19 G. Transmission of HIV by Cell-to-Cell Fusion.................... 19 H. Additional Cell Surface Receptors for HIV ..................... 20 I. The Envelope Region and Cell Tropism ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 . . . .

This volume contains selected contributions from individuals who attended the Sec ond International Conference of the International Council for Global Health Progress (ICGHP) held at UNESCO in Paris, France, on January 15-17, 1996. This conference brought together experts in many disciplines that deal with the devastating diseases of cancer and AIDS with a focus on the concerns for quality of life. The ICGHP fosters mul ticultural and, multidisciplinary approaches to global health problems to help influence governments and other international health organizations to emphasize prevention and care of diseases and to understand their scientific, social, and cultural features. The Coun cil encourages the interchange of information on health problems and policy and supports educational funding for the public at large. Its objective is to effect diseases-free lives in the world community. Participants of the conference included scientists, sociologists, government leaders, physicians, health care providers, epidemiologists, religious leaders, company officials, ethicists, and philosophers. They examined and discussed the many variables involved in quality of life for people affected with cancer and with AIDS. The volume's text begins with introductory comments by officials attending the JCGHP conference. Subsequently, a chapter is dedicated to one aspect of quality of life, be it definition, scientific research, evolution, cultural changes, ethics, measurements, or other issues dealing with health care and treatment survival. The second part of the volume includes commentaries dealing with fi ve aspects of quality of life which merit consideration."

Corona- and related viruses are important human and animal pathogens that also serve as models for other viral-mediated diseases. Interest in these pathogens has grown tremendously since the First International Symposium was held at the Institute of Virology and Immunobiology of the University of Wiirzburg, Germany. The Sixth International Symposium was held in Quebec City from August 27 to September I, 1994, and provided further understanding of the molecular biology, immunology, and pathogenesis of corona-, toro-, and arterivirus infections. Lectures were given on the molecular biology, pathogenesis, immune responses, and development of vaccines. Studies on the pathogenesis of coronavirus infections have been focused mainly on murine coronavirus, and mouse hepatitis virus. Neurotropic strains ofMHV (e.g., JHM, A59) cause a demyelinating disease that has served as an animal model for human multiple sclerosis. Dr. Samuel Dales, of the University of Western Ontario, London, Canada, gave a state-of-the-art lecture on our current under standing of the pathogenesis of JHM-induced disease.

The best introduction to the work of Erasmus, this is one of the finest masterpieces of the sixteenth century, updated and superbly translated to reflect the latest scholarly research.

This open access book covers a century of research on wheat genetics and evolution, starting with the discovery in 1918 of the accurate number of chromosomes in wheat. We re-evaluate classical studies that are pillars of the current knowledge considering recent genomic data in the wheat group comprising 31 species from the genera Amblyopyrum, Aegilops, Triticum, and other more distant relatives. For these species, we describe morphology, ecogeographical distribution, phylogeny as well as cytogenetic and genomic features. For crops, we also address evolution under human selection, namely pre-domestication cultivation and domestication. We re-examine the genetic and archeological evidence of where, when, and how domestication occurred. We discuss unique aspects of genome evolution and maintenance under polyploidization, in natural and synthetic allopolyploids of the wheat group. Finally, we propose some thoughts on the future prospects of wheat improvement. As such, it can be of great interest to wheat researchers and breeders as well as to plant scientists and students interested in plant genetics, evolution, domestication, and polyploidy.

Despite limitations and challenges, teaching about difficult histories is an essential aspect of social studies courses and units across grade levels. This practical resource highlights stories of K-12 practitioners who have critically examined and reflected on their experiences with planning and teaching histories identified as difficult. Featuring the voices of teacher educators, classroom teachers, and museum educators, these stories provide readers with rare examples of how to plan for, teach, and reflect on difficult histories. The book is divided into four main sections: Centering Difficult History Content, Centering Teacher and Student Identities, Centering Local and Contemporary Contexts, and Centering Teacher Decision-making. Key topics include teaching about genocide, slavery, immigration, war, racial violence, and terrorism. This dynamic book highlights the practitioner's perspective to reveal how teachers can and do think critically about their motivations and the methods they use to engage students in rigorous, complex, and appropriate studies of the past. Book Features: Expanded notions of what difficult histories can be and how they can be approached pedagogically. Thoughtful pictures of practice of some of the most complex histories to teach. Stories of K-12 teachers and museum educators with the research of leading scholars in social studies education. Examples from a wide range of educational contexts in the United States and other countries. Resources useful to teachers and teacher educators.

This book combines the fundamentals of finance with relevance and effectiveness. It allows for the practice of this subject and covers all the programs of business schools, universities' finance courses, and engineering schools. This book is a relevant tool to acquire all the knowledge required for examination success and the achievement of proven practical competences.

Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Research: Evidence-Based Practice and Practice-Based Evidence continues the important work of the first book published in 2009 by Humana Press (Handbook of Evidence-Based Psychodynamic Psychotherapy: Bridging the Gap Between Science and Practice). This landmark title presents in one volume significant developments in research, including neuroscience research, in psychodynamic psychotherapy by a team of renowned clinician-researchers. The demand for ongoing research initiatives in psychodynamic psychotherapy from both internal and external sources has increased markedly in recent years, and this volume continues to demonstrate the efficacy and effectiveness of a psychodynamic approach to psychotherapeutic interventions in the treatment of psychological problems. The work in this volume is presented in the spirit of ongoing discussion between researchers and clinicians about the value of specific approaches to specific patients with specific psychiatric and psychological problems. Multiple forms of treatment interventions have been developed over the past fifty years, and this volume makes clear, with firm evidence, the authors' support for the current emphasis on personalized medicine. Groundbreaking and a major contribution to the psychiatric and psychologic literature, Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Research: Evidence-Based Practice and Practice-Based Evidence provides firm grounding for advancing psychodynamic psychotherapy as a treatment paradigm.

The importance of conducting empirical research for the future of psychodynamics is presented in this excellent new volume. In Handbook of Evidence Based Psychodynamic Psychotherapy: Bridging the Gap Between Science and Practice, the editors provide evidence that supports this type of research for two primary reasons. The first reason concerns the current marginalization of psychodynamic work within the mental health field. Sound empirical research has the potential to affirm the important role that psychodynamic theory and treatment have in modern psychiatry and psychology. The second reason that research is crucial to the future of psychodynamic work concerns the role that systematic empirical investigations can have in developing and refining effective approaches to a variety of clinical problems. Empirical research functions as a check on subjectivity and theoretical alliances in on-going attempts to determine the approaches most helpful in working with patients clinically. Handbook of Evidence Based Psychodynamic Psychotherapy: Bridging the Gap Between Science and Practice brings together a panel of distinguished clinician-researchers who have been publishing their findings for decades. This important new book provides compelling evidence that psychodynamic psychotherapy is an effective treatment for many common psychological problems.

Most studies of Puerto Rico's relations with the United States have focused on the sugar industry, recounting a tale of victimization and imperial abuse driven by the interests of U.S. sugar companies. But in"Puerto Ricans in the Empire," Teresita A. Levy looks at a different agricultural sector, tobacco growing, and tells a story in which Puerto Ricans challenged U.S. officials and fought successfully for legislation that benefited the island.
Levy describes how small-scale, politically involved, independent landowners grew most of the tobacco in Puerto Rico. She shows how, to gain access to political power, tobacco farmers joined local agricultural leagues and the leading farmers' association, the Asociacion de Agricultores Puertorriquenos (AAP). Through their affiliation with the AAP, they successfully lobbied U.S. administrators in San Juan and Washington, participated in government-sponsored agricultural programs, solicited agricultural credit from governmental sources, and sought scientific education in a variety of public programs, all to boost their share of the tobacco-leaf market in the United States. By their own efforts, Levy argues, Puerto Ricans demanded and won inclusion in the empire, in terms that were defined not only by the colonial power, but also by the colonized.
The relationship between Puerto Rico and the United States was undoubtedly colonial in nature, but, as "Puerto Ricans in the Empire" shows, it was not unilateral. It was a dynamic, elastic, and ever-changing interaction, where Puerto Ricans actively participated in the economic and political processes of a negotiated empire.