This study of environmentla impact assessment includes four Sections. Section 1 discusses the current state of implementation of the directives on environmental impact assessment and environmental hazards. It also includes a paper on the Dutch integral environmental zoning project. Section 2 deals with EIA approaches and techniques. First, the phases of an EIA study and the risk analysis methods are described. Then, Danish experiences in EIA,, environmental planning in the Ruhr area and pollution abatement in oil refineries and inorganic chemical industries are illustrated. Finally, a decision support system for EIA is presented. Section 3 is devoted to environmental indicators and indices. A first paper investigates the fundamental problems related to the notions of environmental indicator and measurement scale. The assessment of air, surface water, ground water and soil quality indicators and indices is then discussed in detail. The last two papers of this section deal with ecotoxicological risk indicators for environmental chemicals and industrial plant risk indicators, respectively. Finally, Section 4 discusses the economical and sociological dimensions of EIA. The book should be of value to scientists and technicians involved in environmental impact, environmental compatibility and environmental audit studies.

Proceedings of the ISPRA Course Held November 25-29, 1985, Organized in Collaboration with the European Safety and Reliability Association-ESRA

The Joint Research Centre of the European Communities, and in particular the Institute for Systems Engineering and Informatics (ISEI) at Ispra, have weil established competences in risk analysis, uncertainty analysis and statistical data treatment. More recently, work on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), particularly on environmental indicators and indices and on a "system engineering approach" to EIA, has started. This approach attempts to move towards "unified" procedures to investigate normal operation and acciclental risks; these are problems concerned within both the EIA Directive 85/337/EEC and the "Seveso" Directive 821501/EEC. In May 1990, a Workshop on "Indicators and Indices for Environmentallmpact Assessment and Risk Analysis" was organized at the JRC, Ispra. The Proceedings of this Workshop (Report EUR 13060 EN, 1990) are a reference document in the fielet This book is based on the papers presented at the Eurocourse EIAl91 held at the JRC, Ispra in the Autumn of 1991. This was the first course on Environmentaiimpact Assessment given in the JRC's Eurocourse series at Ispra. It was a success because of both the high calibre of the lecturers and the weil informed and numerous participants. The work focuses on the broader aspects of EIA, namely: legislation, indicators and indices, approaches and techniques, economic and sociological implications.

This book presents models and methods for systems reliability assessment, human reliability analysis and uncertainty management. It includes fourteen contributions which are grouped into three sections. Section 1 deals with basic reliability methods and applications. The papers by Saiz de Bustamante and Perlado introduce the stochastic processes and the Monte Carlo method, respectively. Sanz Fermandez de Cordoba and Gonzales discuss important practical implications of the use of reliability methods. The former refers to the aerospace industry. The latter considers nuclear power plants. Session 2 presents some advances in systems reliability techniques. The paper by Contini and Poucet illustrates the mathematical analysis of fault trees and event trees. It includes a discussion on the logical analysis of non-coherent fault trees and considerations on the major measures of criticality and importance of a component. The paper by Babbio is devoted to Petri nets. First, the formalism of this relatively new technique is given. Then, stochastic Petri nets are introduced as a tool to describe the behaviour of systems in time. Finally, by some fully developed examples, it is shown how this approach can be used to represent and evaluate complex stochastic systems. Limnios introduces the notion of failure delay systems and gives the lifetime structure for the evaluation of reliability measures. A reservoir is studied as an example of a failure delay system.