This volume is the second in the series on 'Higher Plants', otherwise termed Phanerogam or Spermatophyte. The earlier volume, 1A, covered several taxa of Phanerogams and one of Bryophyte. A concurrent series (volume 2A, 2B and so on) cover the lower groups, represented by Algae, Fungi, Bryophytes and Lichens. Bryophyte, because of its importance in evolution of seed plants vis-a-vis higher groups, has been included in both volumes. The present volume includes articles dealing with certain fundamental issues of genomics as well as phylogeny and evolution of certain economic agricultural and medicinal crops. Of these, economic crops include coffee, coconut and papaya; medicinals cover Artemisia and Costus; fodder and agricultural crops include Phleum, Lolium and Triticale; horticultural species include Orchis and Allium and forest plant is represented by Populus species. In general, this volume contains discussions on molecular patters of basic angiosperms as well as genomics and phylogeny of different families covering several commercial, medicinal and agricultural crops.Those working on molecular genetics, evolution and phylogeny of flowering plants, including species of medicinal and agricultural value will find this book interesting.

A valuable reference for the most vital microelectronic components in the marketplace

DRAMs are the technology drivers of high volume semiconductor fabrication processes for new generation products that, in addition to computer markets, are finding increased usage in automotive, aviation, military and space, telecommunications, and wireless industries. A new generation of high-density and high-performance memory architectures evolving for mass storage devices, including embedded memories and nonvolatile flash memories, are serving a diverse range of applications. Comprehensive and up to date, Advanced Semiconductor Memories: Architectures, Designs, and Applications offers professionals in the semiconductor and related industries an in-depth review of advanced semiconductor memories technology developments. It provides details on:

• Static Random Access Memory technologies including advanced architectures, low voltage SRAMs, fast SRAMs, SOI SRAMs, and specialty SRAMs (multiport, FIFOs, CAMs)
• High Performance Dynamic Random Access Memory–DDRs, synchronous DRAM/SGRAM features and architectures, EDRAM, CDRAM, Gigabit DRAM scaling issues and architectures, multilevel storage DRAMs, and SOI DRAMs
• Applications-specific DRAM architectures and designs–VRAMs, DDR SGRAMs, RDRAMs, SLDRAMs, 3-D RAM
• Advanced Nonvolatile Memory designs and technologies, including floating gate cell theory, EEPROM/flash memory cell design, and multilevel flash.
• FRAMs and reliability issues
• Embedded memory designs and applications, including cache, merged processor, DRAM architectures, memory cards, and multimedia applications
• Future memory directions with megabytes to terabytes storage capacities using RTDs, single electron memories, etc.

A continuation of the topics introduced in Semiconductor Memories: Technology, Testing, and Reliability, the author’s earlier work, Advanced Semiconductor Memories: Architectures, Designs, and Applications offers a much-needed reference to the major developments and future directions of advanced semiconductor memory technology.

Semiconductor Memories provides in-depth coverage in the areas of design for testing, fault tolerance, failure modes and mechanisms, and screening and qualification methods including.
* Memory cell structures and fabrication technologies.
* Application-specific memories and architectures.
* Memory design, fault modeling and test algorithms, limitations, and trade-offs.
* Space environment, radiation hardening process and design techniques, and radiation testing.
* Memory stacks and multichip modules for gigabyte storage.