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This monograph is the last volume in the series 'Acoustic and
Elastic
This book is a continuation of 'Acoustic and Elastic Wave Fields in
Geophysics, Part I' published in 2000. The second volume is
dedicated to propagation of linear plane, spherical and cylindrical
acoustic waves in different media. Chapter 1 is devoted to
principles of geometric acoustic in plane wave approximation. The
eikonal and transport equations are derived. Ray tracing and
wavefront construction techniques are explained. Chapter 2 deals
with dynamic properties of wave fields. The behavior of pressure
and displacements amplitudes in zero approximation is analysed in
two ways: using Poynting vector and solving the transport equation.
This chapter contains several examples related to shadow zones and
caustics. In Chapter 3 using the results of analysis of
high-frequency wave kinematics and dynamics some fundamental
aspects of Kirchhoff migration are described. Chapters 4 and 5 are
devoted to propagation of plane waves in media with flat boundaries
in the case of normal and oblique incidence. Special attention is
paid to the case when an incident angle exceeds the critical
angles. Formation of normal modes in the waveguide is discussed.
Chapter 6 deals with a spherical wave reflection and refraction.
The steepest descent method is introduced to describe the behavior
of reflected, transmitted, head and evanescent waves. In Chapter 7
propagation of stationary and transient waves in a waveguide formed
by a flat layer with low velocity are investigated. Normal modes
and waves related to the branch points of integrands under
consideration are studied. Dispersive properties of normal modes
are discussed. Chapter 8 describes wave propagation inside cylinder
in acoustic media. Several appendices are added to help the reader
understand different aspects of mathematics used in the book.
Surface waves form the longest and strongest portion of a seismic record excited by explosions and shallow earthquakes. Traversing areas with diverse geologic structures, they 'absorb' information on the properties of these areas which is best retlected in dispersion, the dependence of velocity on frequency. The other prop erties of these waves - polarization, frequency content, attenuation, azimuthal variation of the amplitude and phase - arc also controlled by the medium between the source and the recording station; some of these are affected by the properties of the source itself and by the conditions around it. In recent years surface wave seismology has become an indispensable part of seismological practice. The maximum amplitude in the surface wave train of virtually every earthquake or major explosion is being measured and used by all national and international seismological surveys in the determination of the most important energy parameter of a seismic source, namely, the magnitude M, . The relationship between M, and the body wave magnitude fI1t, is routinely employed in identification of underground nuclear explosions. Surface waves of hundreds of earthquakes recorded every year are being analysed to estimate the seismic moment tensor of earthquake sources, to determine the periods of free oscillations of the Earth, to construct regional dispersion curves from which in turn the crustal and upper mantle structure in various areas is derived, and to evaluate the dissipative parameters of the mantle material."
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