Sustainable Biodiesel: Real World Designs, Economics and Applications offers a unique, integrated approach that combines cutting-edge research results and the day-to-day aspects of biodiesel production at the industrial level. The book brings together experienced academics and recognized industry experts to explore the most practical elements of research and discuss limitations and future needs in the industry. Sections discuss biodiesel-based biorefineries, feedstock supply chains, reactor technologies and processes for biodiesel production. In addition, the authors examine biodiesel plants from the point-of-view of design, operation, quality control, lifecycle costing (LCC), life cycle assessment, and environmental and exergetic sustainability, and more. This book provides both researchers and practitioners in the field of biomass and biofuels with a well-rounded understanding of how the technologies developed in the lab can be deployed in the industry at commercial scale in a sustainable and cost-efficient way.

Higher Alcohols Production Platforms: From Strain Development to Process Design comprehensively covers the production of higher alcohols, from the fundamentals to the latest research. Bringing together experts from industry and academia, the book sheds light on the practical aspects of higher alcohol production and offers a roadmap for researchers to follow. In addition to the fundamentals of higher alcohol production, readers are presented with detailed information on up and downstream processes, including microbial processes and the various production pathways available. A discussion of metabolic pathways has a dedicated chapter, as do C2, C3-C8, and C4 sugar fermentation platforms. A lifecycle assessment is also presented, addressing the energy, environmental, social and economic factors in the sustainability of higher alcohol production. Readers will find this to be a unique and comprehensive reference on the production of higher alcohols that will be of interest to students, researchers and industry professionals involved in bioenergy and renewable energy, and more.

Advanced Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites for Bioelectrochemical Systems covers advancements in nanomaterial and nanocomposite applications for microbial fuel cells. One of the advantages of using microbial fuel cells is the simultaneous treatment of wastewater and the generation of electricity from complex organic waste and biomass, which demonstrates that microbial fuel cells are an active area of frontier research. The addition of microorganisms is essential to enhance the reaction kinetics. This type of fuel cell helps to convert complex organic waste into useful energy through the metabolic activity of microorganisms, thereby generating energy. By incorporating nano-scale fillers into the nanocomposite matrix, the performance of the anode material can be improved. This is an important reference source for materials scientists and engineers who want to learn more about how nanotechnology is being used to create more efficient fuel cells.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 10th Australian Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, AI'97, held in Perth, Australia, in November/December 1997. The volume presents 48 revised full papers selected from a total of 143 submissions. Also included are three keynote talks and one invited paper. The book is divided into topical sections on constraint satisfaction and scheduling, computer vision, distributed AI, evolutionary computing, knowledge-based systems, knowledge representation and reasoning, learning and machine vision, machine learning, NLP and user modeling, neural networks, robotics and machine recognition, and temporal qualitative reasoning.

We propose a new technique of the differential quadrature method to find numerical solutions of the different transport (convection-diffusion) equations with appropriate initial and boundary conditions. The present method is based on the Bernstein polynomials formula, which is used to construct the weighting coefficients matrices of differential quadrature method, the new methodology is called Bernstein differential quadrature method (BDQM). Also, we improved alternating direction implicit formulation of differential quadrature method (ADI-DQM), based on Bernstein differential quadrature method (ADI-BDQM) for solving transport (convection-diffusion) equations. The results show that the differential quadrature technique renewed can be used as a powerful, reliable, accurate and efficient numerical tool in solving the transport problems. Finally, the many appearance of nonlinear differential equations as transport model in some fields of applied mathematics makes it necessary to investigate methods of solution for such equations (numerical) and we hope that this work is a step in this direction. We sincerely hope this methods can be applied to a wider range of problems.

Youth crime is a complex social problem that significantly impacts all members and processes of a social structure. Various factors are involved in the criminality of youth this is an attempt to explore only the social causes of crimes. Various factors including (social, economic, political and psychological) are there behind the causes of crimes. It is my attempt to test only one variable of crimes which is social variable. The word social denote the meaning of the interaction of the individuals and the groups. Interaction between individuals compel the individual to commit crimes when he fails to satisfy the needs of his intersecting ones. This study findings shows that there is a great relation of individual and crimes with man's interaction.

There are two different methods to deal with offenders/criminals, one is simple imprisonment and second is community based correctional services. This study focused on community based correctional service (Probation) to identify the objectives of the study. Petty offence is a little crime which have less punishment / Custodial period. Petty offenders are those who violate some laws i.e Cheating, Drug addiction, Theft, Drinking, Contaminant of Court, Property Conflicts, Business Conflicts, Family Disputes etc. Lot of socio economic and psychological problems become the cause of offences, some of the most common causes are Lack of Education, Lack of Recreational facilities, Improper Legislation, Corrupt Politics, Defective Court and Penal System, Family Disputes, Peer Group Population etc. Some theorists of criminology think that the crime is learned behavior, some think situational ties makes the man criminal, some focused on psychological causes and some on political causes. Infact all of these causes / factors have pronounced effects on crime. This study shows the actual effecting ratio of these factors on crime in selected universe.

Synthetic insecticides have been the major control method of insect pests since 1950s. The widespread and unwise use of insecticides has resulted in the development of insect strains that are resistant to insecticides. The level of insecticide resistance was evaluated in two economically important stored grain pests, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) in the present study. Resistance level was checked against one organophosphate and four pyrethroid insecticides by using filter paper method and residual film method. Mortality was recorded after 48 hours of treatment. Resistant insects were identified on the basis of their LC50 values. T. castaneum (H.) appeared to be more resistant as compared to R. dominica (F.). Results indicated that deltamethrin 2.5% SC was more toxic of all test insecticides while DDVP 50% EC was least toxic.

Pakistan is facing an acute shortage of edible oil. In order to overcome the prevailing situation, there is a dire need to increase per acre yield of non-conventional oilseed crops. Plant density and nitrogen fertilizer levels are among factors affecting sunflower yield and seed oil percentage. The interaction between plant spacing and N rate significantly affected seed and oil yields. In this context, the OILCROP-SUN model has been tested with sunflower and results indicated that achene yield of sunflower hybrid cultivar among various planting densities was related to their photosynthetic activity. The data suggested that there is considerable scope to exploit the yield potential of sunflower hybrid with variable planting density and nitrogen rates, depending upon the prevailing climatic conditions. It may be concluded from this study that planting density of 8.33 plants m-2band nitrogen rate N2, 125 kg ha-1 (recommended dose) is recommended for achieving high yield under agro ecological conditions of Faisalabad.

Organizations expect involvement and commitment from their workforce to create esprit de corps for the realization of corporate as well as individual objectives. However, worker's attitude (involvement and commitment) depends on his/her satisfaction from different aspects of the organization as related to the employees. Employee's satisfaction or 'Job Satisfaction' therefore determines the degree to which a worker will be involved in and committed to any job/work. Several organizational dimensions have been identified as the predictors of job satisfaction but pay, work, supervision, promotion, work environment and co-workers are widely researched independent variables that have been studied over and over again (job-related factors). In the background of these instant variables, organizational structure, policies and broader social context play dominant role in the variation of job satisfaction (organization related variables). Finally, the personal characteristics of employees are also responsible to explain the job satisfaction of the workers in any organization (personal features).

Microbial proteases are widely used in commercial applications such as food processing, leathermaking and papermaking. In addition, proteases are commonly added to laundry detergents. Bacteria of the genus Bacillus are commonly used for protease production. Commercially available recombinant proteases are made using proprietary microorganisms and processes and are barely affordable in some of the poor regions of the world. Therefore, interest remains in effective wildtype proteases that could be produced inexpensively for use in household detergents and other applications. In this context, this work reports on extracellular proteases of Bacillus subtilis ASQ01 isolated from soil in Sindh, Pakistan.

Islamic Banking and Finance is known to be the fastest growing economic system of the current time. It has always been in discussion that how the unique engraved risks of Islamic Finance be avoided or reduced to minimum. This book provides a comprehensive and all-encompassing view of different Risk Management Practices in Islamic Banking and Finance. This Book is equally helpful for students to build a theoretical understanding of Risk Management Techniques in Islamic Banking as well as for professionals who are practically applying these practices. This book will help them manage different risks in Islamic Banking field more appropriately.