The aim of this study was to investigate the allelic distribution of CYP219 genes in Bangladeshi population by using PCR-RFLP method and then the effect of Clopidogrel on Prothrombin Time in different variants of CYP2C19. For genotyping of CYP2C19 alleles blood samples were collected from fifty healthy adult Bangladeshi volunteers. DNA was extracted and PCR-RFLP analysis was employed to genotype CYP2C19*2 and CYP2C19*3. PCR products were digested by Sma I and Bam HI respectively. In case of CYP2C19*2, there were 82% wild variants, 12% heterozygote and 6% mutant variants and in case of CYP2C19*3 there were 98% wild or normal homozygote and 2% heterozygote but there were no mutant variant in our study. Clopidogrel is used to inhibit blood clots in coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, and cerebrovascular diseases. Prothombin Time (PT) and International Normalized Ratio (INR) were measured four hours after Clopidogrel 75 mg ingestion. We found increased PT and INR in Homozygote and Heterozygote variants but the statistically significant (P> 0.05) variation was found only in case of Homozygote variants. In case of mutant, we did not find any variation in PT and INR.

The civil war of Sri Lanka burns for more than two decades. As a protracted conflict it is very harsh to mediate such kind of ethnic conflict. But recent military victory has opened a hope for establishing peace in Sri Lanka. A foremost reformation is vital for omitting the line between Sinhalese and Tamil. So, the Government of Sri Lanka (GOSL) and international community should seize the issue seriously to stop it eternally. This is a golden opportunity for significant political and institutional reformation in Sri Lanka. Although the GOSL and other international communities do not take any proper action to make the opportunity fruitful. Without removing structural violences (such as political, economic, and institutional differences) from the society it will be quiet impracticable for Sri Lanka to ensure peace permanently. The main objective of this book is to draw a landscape of the ethnic conflict of Sri Lanka and its permanent way out.

Lindsay, Robert, was a governor of Sylhet (1778-1781). In one of his books, named Anecdotes of an Indian life, described Sylhet of Bangladesh, as the brim-full division with natural resources. Like Lindsey, the division also drawn a special attention of the people of neighboring districts of Bangladesh. After the creation of Pakistan in 1947, a great number of people settled in Sylhet Division and Sunamgonj district as well. The district gradually turned into a shelter for the people of neighboring districts for her plenty of natural resources as well as due to natural calamities in other districts. But local people of Sunamgonj district under Sylhet division did not receive the neighboring people easily. They had to face various problems and violence. Local people recognized the settlers as burden and started to call them as "Abadi or Bengoli" that have discriminatory meanings. At the beginning, the settlers also were unable to avoid direct and indirect violence. From my childhood I have been observing this adverse situation. I have enclosed in my book about the created situation, violence and scope of peace from the academic point of view which I have realized in my varsity life.

Dockyard laborers are exposed to a variety of genotoxic compounds including heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), noise, airborne particles etc. But no specific information is available regarding the effect of exposure to occupational hazards of this group of laborers in Bangladesh. Immunoglobulins, Trace Elements, Lipid peroxidation, Plasma antioxidant vitamins level (retinol, alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid) and extent of DNA damage were analyzed in 100 dockyard laborers and compared with 100 control day laborers having similar socioeconomic status but not exposed to occupational hazards like dockyard laborers. The immunoglobulins levels varied significantly, the plasma MDA levels as well as extent of DNA damage were significantly higher whereas the plasma retinol and ascorbic acid levels were significantly lower in dockyard laborers than the control group (p>0.05) but the change in a-tocopherol level was not statistically significant (p

Cyber crime is an enormous threat in the era of information technology in the 21st century. It is such kind of unrestrained crime which cannot be confined within society, time, and place. Even a criminal can commit a crime without physical attachment. Though the penchants of committing cyber crime instigated from society but it is entirely dissimilar from customary crimes. While developed countries coped new technologies with time but developing countries take times to adjust. Time is needed to generate new laws and regulations according to the latest technologies. Because of this gap between new technology and law making, criminals get opportunity to commit crimes. Cyber crimes have been expanded in Bangladesh recently, as student of Peace and Conflict Studies we have tried to present how cyber crime is threat on peace. We have made an effort to present this situation in our book from academic point of view.

Pharmacogenetics is generally regarded as the study of genetic variation that gives rise to different responses to drugs. It may be possible to predict therapeutic failures or severe adverse drug reactions in individual patients by testing for important DNA sequence variations or polymorphisms in key drug-metabolizing enzymes, receptors, transporters, etc. In this book, we characterized methods for genotyping CYP3A4*2, CYP3A4*4, CYP3A4*5, CYP3A4*6, and CYP3A4*10 alleles among Bangladeshi population in 70 healthy adult unrelated volunteers. Cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) subfamily is responsible for the metabolism of more than 60% drugs used by the human including clinically important drugs like nifedipine, cyclosporine, erythromycin, midazolam, triazolam, digitoxin, lidocaine, and quinine etc. Venous blood samples were collected from 70 healthy Bangladeshi volunteers. Genomic DNA was extracted from these blood samples and PCR-RFLP analysis was employed to genotype important alleles of CYP3A4. CYP3A4*2, CYP3A4*4, CYP3A4*5, CYP3A4*6, and CYP3A4*10 alleles were found to be absent in Bangladeshi population, which are common in other ethnic groups