Models and simulations are widely being used for design, optimization, fault detection and diagnosis, and various other decision-making purposes. Increasingly, models are developed at different scales and levels, all the way from molecular level to the large-scale process systems scale. Modelling of Chemical Process Systems gives readers a feel for the multiscale modelling. As models have been developed for various applications, a general systematic method for building model has emerged. This book starts with the history of modelling and its usefulness, describing modelling steps in detail. Examples have been chosen carefully from both conventional chemical process systems to contemporary systems, including fuel cell and bioprocesses. Modelling theories are complemented with case studies that explain step-by-step modelling methodologies. This book also introduces the application of machine learning techniques to model chemical process systems. This makes the book an indispensable reference for academics and professionals working in modelling and simulation.

The antioxidant potential of Skimmia anquetilia and Dicliptera bupleuroides methanolic extracts and fractions was evaluated using the eight multidimensional methods. The accrue data presenting that; TEAC and FRAP Value vary from 6.09-1.65mM, 7.04-2.03 for S. anquetilia and 3.5-0.4, 3.8-1.8 respectively for D. bupleuroides. Phenolic content of S. anquetilia ranged from 3.04-0.4 gallic acid (mg/L) and 1.5-0.44 gallic acid (mg/L) for D. bupleuroides. S. anquetilia and D. bupleuroides Aqueous and organic soluble fraction were rich of flavinoids which was range from 1712.7-249.1 mg catchecin eq. and 885.4-107.2 mg catchecin eq respectively. Total antioxidant activity by phosphomolybdenum method was determined for various fraction of S. anquetilia and D. bupleuroides ranged from 0.555-0.09 and 0.42-0.17 respectively. The percentage of superoxide anion radical scavenging ranged from 99.5 to 4.96 for S. anquetilia and 78.4 to 68 for D. bupleuroides. The percentage bound Iron in S. anquetilia fraction was varying from 73.5 to 61.9 and 94.8-69.2 for D. bupleuroides. The amass results of indicated that S. anquetilia and D. bupleuroides is a rich source of natural antioxidants.

"Ephedra" is a gymnospermic genus of Gnetales and family Ephedraceae. The genus is represented by forty-two species from the world, among them nine are provisionally reported from Pakistan. It is recognized for fourteen phyto-chemicals, among them ephedrine and pseudo-ephedrine are the most important, widely used as bronchodilators and decongestants. Traditionally the plant is used for respiratory tract diseases and to enhance the effect of snuff. Besides its use as medicine, some of its species are used as diet supplement for weight reduction. Quantity and quality of chemicals present in the genus vary species to species. Hence, it is important to properly identify the plant and get benefit from its valuable chemicals. Conventional tools of taxonomy can identify the genus but overlapping morphological features of the plant creates problems in proper alignment of species. PCR based Molecular markers e.g. RAPDs can help to delineate various field specimens with high accuracy and thus provide a handy tool for identification.