This book develops and presents a conceptual model for sustainable-groundwater irrigated agriculture. The model is based on the general principles of the economic theories of cost-benefit relations and behavioral models of resource use. The study has evaluated the advances in tubewell farming and the aquifer potential in arid Balochistan over a period of three decades. It has analyzed the booms and busts of the farming over time taking into consideration the local aquifer limitations and the socio-political considerations and policy framework. Three data sets - farmers, expert officials and satellite images - have been used to aid validation. By observing the most vital parameters, the study has concluded that the local aquifer has been falling at a rate directly proportional to the growth rate of irrigated farming, suggesting the current development process is unsustainable. For instance, the research finds that tubewell bores have reached down to depths where the term "aquifer mining" applies; as a result, irrigation costs have become too high to allow farming to be economically viable. In addition, desertification is steadily encroaching and the cropping pattern being changed from high-value horticulture to subsistence cropping. The study has also set parameters for assessing the willingness of farmers to accept modern, sustainable strategies and interventions.

This book develops and presents a conceptual model for sustainable-groundwater irrigated agriculture. The model is based on the general principles of the economic theories of cost-benefit relations and behavioral models of resource use. The study has evaluated the advances in tubewell farming and the aquifer potential in arid Balochistan over a period of three decades. It has analyzed the booms and busts of the farming over time taking into consideration the local aquifer limitations and the socio-political considerations and policy framework. Three data sets farmers, expert officials and satellite images - have been used to aid validation. By observing the most vital parameters, the study has concluded that the local aquifer has been falling at a rate directly proportional to the growth rate of irrigated farming, suggesting the current development process is unsustainable. For instance, the research finds that tubewell bores have reached down to depths where the term aquifer mining applies; as a result, irrigation costs have become too high to allow farming to be economically viable. In addition, desertification is steadily encroaching and the cropping pattern being changed from high-value horticulture to subsistence cropping. The study has also set parameters for assessing the willingness of farmers to accept modern, sustainable strategies and interventions."

Normal and diabetic patients with different age and gender were selected from human population pertaining to rural background for investigation homocysteine (Hcy) and DNA damage as biomarkers. Normally with age, ESR, glycosylated haemoglobin, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, total proteins, albumin, globulins, creatinine, urea, ALT and AST did increase while PCV, Hb did decrease significantly. Health markers (SOD, GPx, Hcy, sialic acid and hexosamine) did increase significantly. Diabetic patients did show a significant increase in their ESR, glycosylated Hb, glycosylated proteins, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, total proteins, albumin, creatinine, urea, ALT, AST, SOD, GPx, Hcy, K and Fe concentration, however, PCV, Hb, vitamin C, E, A, T3, T4, Na, Ca, Mg, Zn and Se did decrease significantly. DNA damage was negatively correlated with Hb, vitamin C, E, A, T3 and T4. Homocysteine was positively co-related with systolic blood pressure, ESR, glycosylated Hb and proteins, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, albumin, creatinine, urea, ALT, AST, superoxide dismutase, sialic acid, hexosamine, testosterone, sodium, potassium and magnesium