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Valorization of Wastes for Sustainable Development: Waste to Wealth
highlights the various valorization of organic and non-organic
waste to offer a way forward to a sustainable world. Categorizing
the various types of waste valorization for renewable fuel
production and other valorizations utilizing organic and
non-organic waste, this book offers the reader a comprehensive view
of various waste valorizations together with their potential
applications. Split into four sections, the book's chapters cover
the general scenarios and challenges of current waste management
and the valorization of waste specifically for renewable fuels as
the alternative energy source to depleting fossil fuels. Other
chapters cover waste valorizations categorized into organic and
non-organic waste for various applications and the future prospect
of waste valorizations with possible plans and strategies for
effective global waste management.
The polyurethane industry is among the fastest growing, with
polyurethanes used in consumer as well as industrial sectors.
Waterborne polyurethanes (WPUs) exhibit many advantages over
conventional volatile organic compounds (VOCs) based polyurethanes
and have emerged as an environmentally friendly alternative. WPUs
offer an opportunity to use sustainable raw materials to produce
environmentally sustainable polymers, particularly, polyols derived
from vegetable oils. Eco-Friendly Waterborne Polyurethanes:
Synthesis, Properties, and Applications provides state-of-the-art
knowledge of the synthesis, application, and property enhancement
of WPUs. Covers various types of eco-friendly materials and
technologies used to synthesize WPUs Presents an overview and
applications of WPUs in several advanced research areas Provides
fundamentals of synthetic processes and their chemistries for
specific applications Elaborates on advanced approaches used to
convert renewable resources into polymers Offers new direction to
scientists, researchers, and students to better understand the
chemistry, technologies, and applications Written for polymer
chemists, materials scientists, and other researchers and industry,
this book serves as a comprehensive reference for readers
interested in the development and application of sustainable
polymers.
The capability to generate potable water from polluted sources is
growing in importance as pharmaceuticals, microplastics and waste
permeate our soil. Nanotechnology allows for improvements in water
remediation technologies by taking advantage of the unique
properties of materials at this small scale.
This book summarizes recent research and development in the field
of nanostructured ceramics and their composites. It presents
selected examples of ceramic materials with special electronic,
catalytic and optical properties and exceptional mechanical
characteristics. A special focus is on sol-gel based and
organic-inorganic hybrid nanoceramic materials. The book highlights
examples for preparation techniques including scale-up, properties
of smart ceramic composites, and applications including e.g. waste
water treatment, heavy metal removal, sensors, electronic devices
and fuel cells. Recent challenges are addressed and potential
solutions are suggested for these. This book hence addresses
chemists, materials scientists, and engineers, working with
nanoceramic materials and on their applications.
This book reviews the work in the field of nanoadsorbents derived
from natural polymers, with a special emphasis on materials finding
application in water remediation. It includes natural materials
both with an organic or an inorganic skeleton, from which the
nanomaterials can be made. Those nanomaterials can therefore be
used to reinforce other matrices and in their pristine form have an
extraordinary adsorption efficiency. Being of natural or biological
origin, the materials described in this book distinguish themselves
as eco-friendly and non-toxic. The book describes how these
benefits of the described materials can be combined and exploited.
It will thus appeal to chemists, nanotechnologists, environmental
engineers and generally all scientist working in the field of water
pollution and remediation as an inspiration for the innovation
toward new technologies.
This book summarizes recent research and development in the field
of nanostructured ceramics and their composites. It presents
selected examples of ceramic materials with special electronic,
catalytic and optical properties and exceptional mechanical
characteristics. A special focus is on sol-gel based and
organic-inorganic hybrid nanoceramic materials. The book highlights
examples for preparation techniques including scale-up, properties
of smart ceramic composites, and applications including e.g. waste
water treatment, heavy metal removal, sensors, electronic devices
and fuel cells. Recent challenges are addressed and potential
solutions are suggested for these. This book hence addresses
chemists, materials scientists, and engineers, working with
nanoceramic materials and on their applications.
Advanced Functional Materials and Methods for Photodegradation of
Toxic Pollutants addresses the potential role of visible active
photocatalytic methods for the removal of various emerging and
persistent organic pollutants (POPs.) Describing the
classification, sources and potential risks of emerging organics in
water bodies and the environment, the book covers the different
synthesis methods of visible active structured photocatalysts and
structure related properties to their applications in
photocatalytic processes for the removal of antibiotics, pharma and
heavy metal pollutants. This book provides an invaluable reference
to academics, researchers and technicians in chemical engineering,
chemistry and environmental science. In addition, the mechanistic
insights associated with the interaction of advanced functional
materials and water pollutants along with the possible reaction
pathway occurring during the visible light induced photocatalytic
processes together with toxicity are discussed in detail along with
the reutilization of catalysts, supporting the inherent reaction
conditions performed with natural conditions.
This book presents a complete state of the art for different types
of nanomaterial, their environmental fate, and their use in textile
waste remediation. Nano-engineered materials including
nanoparticles, nanofibers, nanotubes have been used extensively for
a variety of applications. Environmental concerns have been noted
mainly due to the discharge of textile waste. Nanotechnology is
fast growing on research and bringing sustainable solution in
minimizing the waste. This also minimizes the risk of exposure and
health hazards. With the development of industry, environmental
pollution and energy shortage have raised awareness of a potential
global crisis. So, it is urgent to develop a simple and effective
method to address these current issues. Nano-engineered materials
can be better solution in finding solution of environmental
sustainability more specific to the textile waste remediation.
Nano-engineered materials have emerged as pioneering photocatalysts
and account for most of the current research in this area. This can
provide large surface areas, diverse morphologies, abundant surface
states, and easy device modeling, all of which are properties
beneficial to photodegradation. Furthermore, the stability and cost
of nano-engineered materials are critical factors. Therefore, it is
a challenge of great importance to identify and design
nano-engineered materials that are efficient, stable, and abundant
for the remediation of textile waste.
Nanocomposites present outstanding mechanical properties and
compatibility owing to their composite matrix and unique physical
and chemical composition provided by large surface-area-to-volume
ratios and high interfacial reactivity. Freedom to functionalize
nanocomposites with various chemical groups increases their
affinity toward target pollutants, which is highly desirable for
the selective extraction of target analytes in complex
environmental matrixes. This book presents the recent progress in
the field of nanocomposites and their properties, fabrication
methods, and applications for pollution control and sensing. It
discusses the advances in pollution control techniques made
possible because of nanocomposites and focuses on
environment-friendly and efficient approaches. The text also covers
economic, toxicological, and regulatory issues and research trends.
Recent advances in nanotechnology have paved the way for the
development of new smart materials. The term "smart ceramics"
refers to ceramic materials fabricated from ultrafine particles.
They have attracted the attention of researchers and scientists
thanks to their potential to manipulate the length scale in the
nanorange, leading to better and some unusual material properties.
Smart ceramics ensure control of particle size, surface
contamination, and degree of agglomeration. They play a crucial
role in challenging applications such as bone surgery (e.g., the
development of substitutes for load-bearing bone parts) and in
biomedical science, especially in tissue engineering, dental
applications, and drug and antigen delivery using modified
ceramics. Porous nanostructured ceramics have potential use in both
simple and complex applications, such as bioimaging, sensors,
paints and pigments, optics, and electronics, because of their
surface- and size-dependent properties. For the synthesis of smart
ceramics, the sol-gel route has been mainly utilized because of its
ability to produce a large variety of compositions and to ensure
homogeneous mixing of the constituent particles at low temperature.
This book describes the innovations in technologies through the
development of functionalized ceramic materials for various
applications. It also describes recent and expected challenges,
along with their potential solutions, in advanced techniques for
the synthesis and characterization of nanostructured ceramics and
their composites: bioceramics, bioactive ceramics, multifunctional
nanoceramics, transparent ceramics, nanocore shells, nanowires,
thin films, nanotubes, and nanorods. The applications include the
environment, health care, electrochemical sensors, high-temperature
superconductors, nuclear reactor fuels, electrical insulators,
refractory materials, electrical transformers, and magnetic core
memory. The book will benefit researchers, scientists, engineers,
and technologists working in the industry and in national and
international research laboratories; academics who are interested
in traditional and advanced smart ceramic composites; and students
pursuing their postgraduate, graduate, and undergraduate degrees in
smart ceramics, nanomaterials, nanoscience, and engineering.
This book discusses the extraction, purification, modification, and
processing of biobased materials and their various industrial
applications, across biomedical, pharmaceutical, construction, and
other industries. It includes contributions from experts on hybrid
biopolymers and bio-composites, bioactive and biodegradable
materials, bio-inert polymers, natural polymers and composites, and
metallic natural materials. Therefore, this encyclopedia is a
useful reference for scientists, academicians, research scholars,
and technologists. Major challenges of biobased materials are their
efficient development, cost-effective, and green & environment
friendly production/applications. This encyclopedia answers these
challenges to professionals and scientists for proper utilization
of biobased materials. It presents the recent practices of biobased
materials technology in different scientific and engineering
domains. It helps the bounded industrial outcomes to reach the
general readership of different domains. This encyclopedia bridges
the technological gaps between the industrial and academic
professionals and the novice young students/scholars. The
interdisciplinarity of this encyclopedia makes it unique for a wide
readership. The topic of biobased materials is currently popular in
the scientific community, working in such following areas as
Recycled materials, Renewable materials, Materials for efficiency,
Materials for waste treatment, Materials for reduction of
environmental load, Materials for easy disposal or recycle,
Hazardous free materials, Materials for reducing human health
impact, Materials for energy efficiency, Materials for green
energy, etc. This is a relatively hot topic in materials science
and has strong demands for energy, material and money savings, as
well as heavy contamination problems, despite that the area of
biobased materials belongs to most important fields of modern
science & technology, no important encyclopedias have been
published in the area of "biobased materials"
This book will describe Ruthenium complexes as chemotherapeutic
agent specifically at tumor site. It has been the most challenging
task in the area of cancer therapy. Nanoparticles are now emerging
as the most effective alternative to traditional chemotherapeutic
approach. Nanoparticles have been shown to be useful in this
respect. However, in view of organ system complicacies, instead of
using nanoparticles as a delivery tool, it will be more appropriate
to synthesize a drug of nanoparticle size that can use blood
transport mechanism to reach the tumor site and regress cancer. Due
to less toxicity and effective bio-distribution, ruthenium (Ru)
complexes are of much current interest. Additionally, lumiscent
Ru-complexes can be synthesized in nanoparticle size and can be
directly traced at tissue level. The book will contain the
synthesis, characterization, and applications of various Ruthenium
complexes as chemotherapeutic agents. The book will also cover the
introduction to chemotherapy, classification of Ru- complexes with
respect to their oxidation states and geometry, Ruthenium complexes
of nano size: shape and binding- selectivity, binding of ruthenium
complexes with DNA, DNA cleavage studies and cytotoxicity. The
present book will be more beneficial to researchers, scientists and
biomedical. Current book will empower specially to younger
generation to create a new world of ruthenium chemistry in material
science as well as in medicines. This book will be also beneficial
to national/international research laboratories, and academia with
interest in the area of coordination chemistry more especially to
the Ruthenium compounds and its applications.
Bio-based Nanomaterials: Synthesis Protocols, Mechanisms and
Applications summarizes recent developments in biocompatible and
biodegradable materials, including their properties, fabrication
methods, synthesis protocols and applications. The extensive use of
petrochemicals, rising levels of plastic waste and manufacturing of
non-biodegradable materials is a major environmental problem across
the globe. Bio-based nanomaterials offer potential alternatives to
address these challenging issues. The book covers key bio-based
nanomaterials - including chitin, starch and nanocellulose –
detailing their core properties, associated fabrication methods and
synthesis protocols. Later chapters look at the range of
applications for bio-based nanomaterials, from food and agriculture
to environmental and biomedical. This book offers a detailed
reference for those interested in sustainable nanoscale materials,
including materials scientists, biomedical engineers, environmental
scientists, food and agriculture manufacturers and scientists.
New Polymer Nanocomposites for Environmental Remediation summarizes
recent progress in the development of materials' properties,
fabrication methods and their applications for treatment of
contaminants, pollutant sensing and detection. This book presents
current research into how polymer nanocomposites can be used in
environmental remediation, detailing major environmental issues,
and key materials properties and existing polymers or nanomaterials
that can solve these issues. The book covers the fundamental
molecular structure of polymers used in environmental applications,
the toxicology, economy and life-cycle analysis of polymer
nanocomposites, and an analysis of potential future applications of
these materials. Recent research and development in polymer
nanocomposites has inspired the progress and use of novel and
cost-effective environmental applications.
Handbook of Smart Photocatalytic Materials: Fundamentals,
Fabrications and Water Resource Applications provides a best study
and practice guide to catalysis materials, covering metal oxides,
metal-organic frameworks, plasmonics and hybrids, their green
growth and assembly techniques and their characterization. This
volume establishes a broad and influential resource on
fundamentals, fabrications and water resource applications. Each
chapter incorporates state-of-the-art information, along with
important concepts of theory and practice. The handbook will be an
indispensable reference for both research communities and industry
professionals.
Emerging and Nanomaterial Contaminants in Wastewater: Advanced
Treatment Technologies describes the state-of-the-art of
remediation technologies, such as those involving nanotechnology,
filtration devices (e.g. membranes), strategies involving
adsorption and precipitation processes, development of new
sorbents, nanosorbents, biosorbents, green technology,
bio-electrokinetics, degradation of pollutants, advanced oxidative
process, oxidative electrochemical and photocatalytic processes,
catalytic degradation, and emerging hybrid technologies, such as
photocatalyst membrane photoreactors using TiO2. Scientists and
researchers in academia and industry will benefit from this
comprehensive resource on the fundamental science behind the
mechanisms at which wastewater sources can be purified from
emerging contaminants.
Handbook of Smart Photocatalytic Materials: Environment, Energy,
Emerging Applications and Sustainability provides an intriguing and
useful guide to catalysis and materials. The handbook covers
applications of smart photocatalytic materials for energy
environmental protection and emerging fields. Also covered is the
safety risk of Smart Photocatalytic Materials, commercialization,
their fate and transportation in the environment, and
sustainability. This volume provides a valuable roadmap, outlining
common principles behind their use. Every chapter of this volume
presents state-of-the-art knowledge on sustainable practices of
smart photocatalytic materials (SPMs), including concepts of theory
and practice. This handbook is a valued reference for both the
academic and industrial researchers looking for recent developments
in the field.
Graphene oxide is a carbon-based material what produces a monolayer
or a few layers of oxygen-functionalized graphene. The number of
layers usually differentiate between graphene oxide and graphite
oxide. Though a multilayer system, graphite oxide monolayer flakes
and few-layer flakes can be found in a graphene oxide dispersion.
Due to the presence of oxygen functionalities, graphene oxide can
easily disperse in various organic solvents including water and is
compatible with a different matrix that dramatically enhances
electrical and mechanical properties when mixed with polymer and
ceramic materials. Graphene oxide possesses a sp2 bonding network.
Graphene oxide can be used as an intermediary in the production of
single layer or few-layer graphene sheets. Graphene oxide can be
reduced in solution and as a thin film using a variety of reducing
conditions, and reduction converts the graphene oxide into a
material that has a large enhancement in electrical conductivity.
Graphene oxide has been used in a variety of applications not
limited to materials science engineering and biotechnology. The
present book describes the advances in research and applications of
graphene oxide; in Chapter One, the general introduction on
graphene oxide is introduced whereas in Chapter Two a broader
summary of laser processing for graphene oxide/transition metal
oxide nanocomposite coatings are described. Chapter Three discusses
a graphene oxide template for the scaffolding transition
metal/metal oxide ingredient. Chapter Four concludes the new
advances in graphene oxide-metal nanocomposites for cancer
theranostics. Chapter Five summarizes graphene oxide membranes as
supercapacitor separators and Chapter Six contains details of
graphene oxide in terms of the advances in research and
applications of membranes. Chapter Seven speaks on the conductivity
of graphene oxide films while Chapter Eight describes the
application of graphene oxide based nanocomposites in heterogeneous
photocatalysis for water purification. Chapter Nine deals with an
immense uprising, detailing the functionalization and fine-tuning
of 2D graphene designed for heterogeneous catalysis to make things
greener. Chapter Ten summarizes graphene oxides for biomedical and
therapeutic applications. Chapter Eleven describes graphene oxide
as an outstanding material for advanced batteries while Chapter
Twelve speaks on behalf of self-assembled graphene oxides and their
different applications. Chapter Thirteen describes the versatile
applications of graphene oxide in the field of nanoelectronic while
Chapter Fourteen concludes this book with details about the design,
fabrication, testing and delivery of graphene oxide in solar energy
storage. This book will be highly beneficial to the researchers
working in the area of graphene oxide, polymer/ceramic chemistry,
materials science, engineering, drug delivery, medicine and
environmental science. It also covers membrane and super capacitors
with their advanced applications. This book also provides a
platform for all researchers to carry out graphene oxide research
and the advances in the area. The book also covers recent
fundamentals, advancements and newer prospects about the future
research in graphene oxides.
Bentonite are usually found in deep geographical areas. They are
produced from rock, fossils, weathering of volcanic ash and
disposal of high-level of radioactive waste in many countries.
Bentonite mainly consist of clay mineral such as montmorillinite
and kaolinite. They mainly exist in cationic form of organic
compounds such as aromatic or aliphatic hydrocarbon and are
employed to modify high cations exchange capacity, higher
structural integrity, thermal conductivity, high chemical buffering
capacity, and stiffness. Bentonite is a layer of natural silicate
clay mineral having numerous properties such as large specific
surface area, great absorption and interlayer exchangeable cation.
Bentonite consists of outstanding physico-chemical properties which
make it applicable in the areas such as water treatment, medical,
groundwater barrier, farming, and construction. They are well known
to be one of the most versatile and inexpensive treatments. The
current book describes the bentonite characteristic, uses and
implications for the environment in many areas of environmental
science in particular, such as remediation, clean energy, water
research and waste management. Researchers working in the area will
benefit from the fundamental concepts and advanced approaches
described in the book. The book is going to also be beneficial to
researchers who are working for their graduate and postgraduate
degrees in the area of science and technology. The book also
provides a platform for all researchers as it covers a wide
background in the subject from recent literature, abbreviations,
and summaries. Additionally, this book covers a broader research
area of chemistry, physics, environmental science, materials
science, polymer science and engineering to present an
interdisciplinary approach. This book contains the fundamental
knowledge as well as recent advancements in the research and
development of bentonite. The book also covers recent approaches
and prospects about the current research and development of
bentonite.
Carbon nanotubes possess unusual fascinating properties which have
attracted the scientific world. This book covers a very wide domain
of research and development where the synthesis and properties of
carbon nanotubes are discussed. This book describes the carbon
nanotube general introduction, various synthesis procedures and
properties. This book is going to be beneficial to the researchers
who are working for their postgraduate degree in nanomaterials and
nanotechnology. This book also provides a platform for all the
academics and researchers as it covers a vast background for the
recent literature, abbreviations, and summaries. This book will be
worth reading for the researchers who are more interested in the
general overview of carbon nanotubes, fundamentals concepts and
various synthetic procedures in the multidisciplinary areas. This
book contains the fundamental knowledge with the recent
advancements for the research and development in the field of
nanomaterials and nanotechnology.
Taro leaf blight caused by Phytophthora colocasiae is a major
constraint to taro cultivation. To manage taro leaf blight and
design breeding programme, it is crucial to recognize the genetic
diversity of taro and P. colocasiae. We studied genetic structure
of taro and P. colocasiae in India. Biochemical alterations in taro
plants infected by the P. colocasiae were studied and changes in
peroxidase, -1,3-glucanase, L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, total
phenol and total sugar were evaluated. We employed suppressive
subtractive hybridization, high through put DNA sequencing and
bioinformatics to identify the defense related genes in taro
induced by P. colocasiae infection. Two putative resistance genes
and a transcription factor were identified among the upregulated
sequences. Our study illustrated that identified genes will be
useful to engineer disease protection in taro."
Leaf blight of taro, caused by Phytophthora colocasiae Raciborski,
is the most destructive disease of Colocasia esculenta.The disease
has severely constrained taro production. Based on disease severity
its highly solicited to develop disease prevention method. The use
of disease-free planting material is important in halting the
spread of P. colocasiae from nurseries to fields and also highly
relevant to limiting the spread of it across the globe.In view of
that we have developed Nested PCR-Primers for rapid and sensitive
detection of Phytophthora colocasiae in infected planting material
and infested soil. We have further aimed at investigating the role
of BAP(synthetic cytokinin), pathogen derived elicitor protein in
the interaction of P. colocasiae and its host plant taro, to
explore its potential in controlling taro leaf blight disease.Our
investigation shows that transgenic taro plants expressing eiher an
elicitor protein or increased cytokinin level could be useful to
engineer broad disease protection in taro plant against
Phytophthora leaf blight.
The discovery of carbon nanotubes has opened new windows for
numerous applications in many disciplines of nanoscience and
nanotechnology. Carbon nanotubes consist of graphene sheets in the
form of sp2 hybridized carbon atoms. These materials have gained
the interest of researchers from various disciplines due to their
fascinating physico-chemical properties. This book describes the
applications of carbon nanotubes in various areas including
environmental science such as remediation and speciation, water
research, medicine including sensors, targeted drug delivery and
therapeutics. The application of carbon nanotubes in waste water
research which includes organic, inorganic and microbial pollutants
is also discussed as is its applications in material science and
polymer science.
In this book, the authors present topical research in the study of
the characteristics, properties and uses of transition metals.
Topics discussed include the non-linear optical properties of
transition metal nanoparticles synthesised by ion implantation; the
structural and magnetic characterisation of Cu-Picolinate and
Cu-Quinaldinate molecular systems; application of transition metals
as active compounds in separation techniques; the reactivity of
unstable chemicals in the presence of transition metals and the
bioinorganic and redox reactions in biological systems of
transition metals.
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