Sponsored by the Infrastructure Resilience Division of ASCE During 2010 and 2011, a sequence of strong earthquakes affected two communities in the province of Canterbury on the South Island of New Zealand. Christchurch, which is the second largest city in New Zealand, and Kaiapoi, in the Waimakariri District, suffered the greatest damage. Tens of thousands of buildings required demolition or significant reconstruction. Soil liquefaction, which was the leading cause of damage to lifelines, dictated that some areas of Christchurch could never be rebuilt. This report describes in detail the performance of lifeline systems in the Christchurch area, as observed during visits by an Earthquake Investigation Committee sent by ASCE's Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering (TCLEE). This TCLEE Monograph discusses the following lifelines with recommendations for improving performance: electric power systems; telecommunications systems; water and wastewater infrastructure; gas and liquid fuel facilities; the port of Lyttelton; and transportation infrastructure, including the airport, roads and bridges, and railways. General seismology of the event, geotechnical features of the area, and applicable seismic codes are described. Other relevant issues, such as fire following the earthquakes, levees, lifeline interdependence, effects on building stock, damage to nonstructural building components, and debris management are considered. TCLEE 41 will be of interest to civil engineers, emergency managers and planners, and government officials charged with improving resilience of lifeline infrastructure systems during earthquakes, especially those characterized by significant soil liquefaction.

On May 12 2008 an earthquake with an epicenter in the Yingxiu struck a mountainous region 90 km northwest of Chengdu, Sichuan province, china, and affected an estimated 4.6 million people. Extensive and massive landslides and rockslides occurred following the 7.9 magnitude event, rendering many towns and villages across Sichuan, Shaanxi, and Gansu provinces inaccessible. emergency services, resuce, and relief were extremely difficult. This TCLEE Monograph discusses the following lifelines with recommnedations for improving perfromance: transportation infrastructure; electric power systems; potable water systems and dams; telecommunications systems; and residential and public buildings, including schools. General seismology of the event, geotechincal features of the area, and a discussion of the emergency response efforts and lessons learned are also included.

On April 20, 2013, a 6.6 magnitude earthquake with an epicenter in Lushan struck the southern portion of the Longmenshan mountain range southwest of Chengdu, Sichuan province, and caused damage to structures and lifelines. The worst affected areas included the cities of Lushan, Baoxing, Tianquan, Sheungshizhen, and Taipingzhen, with landslides and rockslides causing major road closures and hampering emergency response efforts. This TCLEE Monograph discusses the following lifeline systems: electric power; water distribution; wastewater treatment; roads and bridges, telecommunications; emergency response methods; and essential and regular building stock. General seismology of the event and geotechnical features of the area are included.

Sponsored by the Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering of ASCE. On September 30, 2009, an earthquake with a moment magnitude of 7.6 occurred off the west coast of Sumatra in Indonesia, followed 22 minutes later by an aftershock with a magnitude of 6.2. The epicenter was located about 50 kilometers southwest of Padang, a city in the province of West Sumatra with a population of 900,000. The earthquake and aftershock caused extensive damage in Padang and 85 percent of residential buildings were declared unsafe for occupancy. The area also experienced significant damage to lifelines, especially water supply, electric power, and telecommunication service. This TCLEE report discusses in detail the effects of the earthquake, as observed by an ASCE-TCLEE investigative team of civil engineers in late October 2009. The team examined the performance of lifeline infrastructure systems, including bridges and roads, electricity, water, telecommunications, the seaport, and the airport. An overview of each system's performance is provided, followed by descriptions of damage to specific sectors or locations. The effectiveness of Indonesia's programs for emergency preparedness is described and the performance evaluated. The final chapter provides the results of an assessment conducted one year later regarding improvements to preparedness and progress in recovery. This monograph will be of particular interest to civil engineers, managers, planners, emergency management personnel, and government officials charged with maintaining lifeline infrastructure systems to withstand earthquakes and other natural hazards.

When a magnitude 8.8 earthquake occurred off the coast of Chile on February 27, 2010, it affected 80 percent of Chile's population. Damage to lifelines was caused by strong ground shaking, permanent ground deformation, lateral spread, and a tsunami in the coastal areas of Bio Bio and Maule. Lifeline services were significantly disrupted for the first week, at a considerable cost to Chile's economy. This TCLEE report discusses in detail the effects of the earthquake, as observed by an ASCE-TCLEE team of civil engineers in April 2010. The team examined the performance of lifeline infrastructure systems, including transportation, ports, gas and liquid fuel, electric power, telecommunications, water and wastewater, and airports. An overview of each system's performance is provided, followed by a description of the damage to specific sectors or locations. An analysis of infrastructure interdependencies and resilience in Chile is included, as well as a report on emergency response, recovery, and social impact. This monograph will be of particular interest to civil engineers, managers, planners, emergency management personnel, and government officials charged with maintaining lifeline infrastructure systems to withstand earthquakes and other natural hazards.

Prepared by the Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering of ASCE and the Japan Society of Civil Engineers On August 15, 2007, at 6:40 p.m. local time, a magnitude 8.0 earthquake occurred off the coast of southern Peru, about 145 km from Lima. More than 4,500 aftershocks had been registered as of August 30, 2007, 30 of them had Modified Mercalli Intensity between 3 and 5. The social and economic impact of the earthquake was significant--519 people died and more than 1,300 were injured. Tens of thousands of homes, churches, schools, and hospitals collapsed or were damaged. The estimated economic losses, including to lifeline infrastructure, were about US$300 million. The hardest hit cities were Pisco, Chincha Alta, Canete, and Ica. Damage was also observed in Yuayos, Huaytara, and Castrovirreyna. This TCLEE Monograph discusses in detail the effects of this earthquake on lifeline systems: electric power, communication, water and wastewater, highways, ports, gas and fuel tanks, and emergency response. Lifeline systems within hospitals and educational institutions are also discussed. Most lifeline chapters start with an overview of the system performance, followed by sections that describe the system, its damage, emergency response, and recovery. Each chapter finishes with conclusions and recommendations.

Sponsored by the Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering of ASCE. On July 16, 2007, an earthquake struck Kashiwazaki, Japan, at 10:13 a.m. local time. The epicenter was located 60 km southwest of Honshu in Niigata Prefecture and registered a magnitude of 6.6. Moderate damage was observed in Kashiwazaki (population 96,000), located southwest of the earthquake, and smaller towns such as Kariwa and Nishiyama. Eleven people were killed and 1,339 injured. This TCLEE Monograph discusses in detail the effects of this earthquake on lifeline infrastructure systems: electric power, communication, water and wastewater, highways, ports, railways, gas system and tanks, and emergency response. Most chapters provide an overview of a system's performance, followed by sections describing the system, its damage, the emergency response, and recovery. Each chapter finishes with conclusions and recommendations.

On August 17, 1999, the Izmit (Kocaeli) Earthquake tore through Kocaeli, Turkey, resulting in over 15,000 deaths and 27,000 injuries; 200,000 people were left homeless. The electric power system, nearly destroyed, sustained over US$70 million in damage. Another earthquake, November 12, to the east of Izmit at Duzce, added to the lifeline systems damage, impacting the communications system, water and wastewater system, ports, railway, road, and bridges. The Earthquake Investigation Committee of the Technical Council of Lifeline Earthquake Engineering (TCLEE), American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), established to initiate, organize, train for, coordinate, and evaluate the performance of lifelines following earthquakes, sent volunteers to Turkey to gather data to provide information for practitioners to improve the performance of the lifeline systems. Their findings are contained in this report. The topics include: seismology, geology, and geotechnical issues; electric power; airports; telecommunications; water and wastewater; transportation (highways and bridges); liquid fuel facilities; railway; ports; hospitals; social impacts; and emergency response and recovery.