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This book presents a collection of chapters covering research on
the Litani River Basin. The Litani River Basin occupies about a
quarter of Lebanon's surface area, and it has recently been subject
to severe geo-environmental conditions such as water contamination
and decreased discharge. This motivated the Lebanese government to
take action and start working on the remediation of the river.
These actions are also supported by international organizations
including the World Bank.
This book presents a collection of chapters covering research on
the Litani River Basin. The Litani River Basin occupies about a
quarter of Lebanon's surface area, and it has recently been subject
to severe geo-environmental conditions such as water contamination
and decreased discharge. This motivated the Lebanese government to
take action and start working on the remediation of the river.
These actions are also supported by international organizations
including the World Bank.
This book presents both updated and new measurements on water
resources from selective pilot areas form the Middle East. Demand
for water has become very crucial notably in arid and semiarid
regions like in the Middle East. The changing climate and the
increased population are the most striking challenges on water
resources in this region where the largest part of its territory is
dry lands and deserts with minimal precipitation and high
evaporation rates, and thus, the average per capita of water does
not exceed 25 m3/year. This resulted in developing many studies and
researches in different Middle East countries to clearly identify
and assess the hydrological characteristics of the available water
resources and to explore new resources in order to secure balanced
water supply/demand. As a first of its type, this book introduces
comprehensive knowledge on the successful reports of the use of
satellite images in water studies in the Middle East, and the
economic value resulted from adopting these techniques. Based on
illustrated case-studies the book will represent a significant
resource for a large number of experts, academics, researchers,
engineers and different-level stakeholders including the decision
makers.
Water has become a challenging resource that many countries
worldwide are concerned with. Thus, water is often linked with
health, society development, national income and even international
geo-politics. Sometimes, water resources are unavailable, but
successful management involves developing approaches and projects
to assure water supply. However, there are some countries with
available water resources, but unsatisfactory management, and thus
complain about water supply becoming a national problem. This
situation is prevalent in Lebanon, a country characterized by
abundant water resources whether on the surface or sub-surface. It
is a paradox that there is still imbalance in water supply/demand
in Lebanon, and water resources are now under stress due to chaotic
use. This has been exacerbated by the oscillating climatic
conditions, increased population and improper management.
Therefore, people receive less than one-third of their water needs,
and most water supplied is of poor quality. The current status
shows a descending trend. Undoubtedly, if the water sector in
Lebanon continues this way, we should anticipate unfavourable (and
may be severe) consequences. Many studies have been conducted on
water and related disciplines in Lebanon; however, all of them
focus on specific themes and sometimes defined regions.
Nevertheless, the occurred changes on the influencers (natural and
man-made) have not been considered. This book is the first of its
type for Lebanon, and it shows all aspects of water resources with
updated measurements and findings obtained by adopting new
techniques. It diagnoses in-depth the major elements of water
flow/storage mechanism that have never been covered in such a
comprehensive manner before. Also, this book introduces and
analyses the existing challenges and proposes solutions. It
represents a comprehensive investigation of the water resources in
Lebanon.
Water resources in the Middle East are barely enough to cope with
human demand, and their scarcity is a matter of discussion in many
conclaves. However, it must be clarified that Lebanon has a rugged
topography that sets it apart from the surrounding regions. Its
small area of 10,452 km2 is characterised by a mountainous terrain
marked by several valley systems. Two mountain chains (Mount
Lebanon to the west and Anti-Lebanon to the east) extend parallel
to the Mediterranean Sea, and are separated by the Bekaa Plain,
which comprises a relatively wide depression. Hence, Lebanon has
many sources of surface water including rivers, springs, snowfalls
and lakes; besides, many aquiferous rock formations and karstic
conduits exist where groundwater can accumulate via seeping.
However, complaints concerning the lack of understanding about the
imbalanced water supply/demand in Lebanon are often a matter of
debate, and the water budget is also not well-formulated yet. Added
to the matter of water shortage and deterioration in quality
thereof, challenges for water resources have only exacerbated.
Thus, there are parallel paths stemming from both natural and human
driving forces leading to increasing water stress. Climate change,
pollution, over-exploitation and the mismanagement of
trans-boundary water resources are amongst the geo-environmental
problems that affect these resources. In particular, shared water
is one of the major water problems in Lebanon. To put this issue
into perspective, more than 74% of Lebanons border is shared with
neighbouring countries, which makes the surface and groundwater
intermingle with neighbouring regions; thus, no volumetric measures
are known. Two shared rivers exist between Lebanon and its
neighbours: one with Syria in the north, and the other with the
Palestinian Territory (PT) in the south. In addition, the three
major aquiferous rock formations of Lebanon are interrelated with
neighbouring regions. To date, there is no credible study to assess
and allocate the shared water resources. Consequently,
geo-political conflicts frequently arise due to the obscure nature
of the hydrologic conditions. In addition, the absence of treaties
and agreements is another reason affecting water sharing, which
constitutes the principal cause of water loss. This is totally
governed by the unstable political situation in the region. This
book aims to highlight the principles of Lebanons water resources
with new numeric measures. It will also reveal the major elements
of the striking challenges. Thus, the fundamental hydrologic
aspects of shared water resources in Lebanon, including
quantitative measures and the spatial extent of these resources
will be illustrated.
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