Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) is a highly versatile model with a genetic legacy of more than a century. It provides powerful genetic, cellular, biochemical and molecular biology tools to address many questions extending from basic biology to human diseases. One of the most important questions in biology is how a multi-cellular organism develops from a single-celled embryo. The discovery of the genes responsible for pattern formation has helped refine this question and has led to other questions, such as the role of various genetic and cell biological pathways in regulating the process of pattern formation and growth during organogenesis. The Drosophila eye model has been extensively used to study molecular genetic mechanisms involved in patterning and growth. Since the genetic machinery involved in the Drosophila eye is similar to humans, it has been used to model human diseases and homology to eyes in other taxa. This updated second edition covers current progress in the study of molecular genetic mechanisms of pattern formation, mutations in axial patterning, genetic regulation of growth, and more using the Drosophila eye as a model.

This book is an immersive ethnographic account of how fighters at a Polish-owned Muay Thai/kickboxing gym in East London seek to reject prior identity markers in favour of constructing one another as the same, as fighters, a category supposedly free from the negative assumptions and limitations associated with prior ascriptions such as race, class, gender and sexuality. It explores questions of subjectivity and identity by examining how and why fighters sought to disavow identity, which involved casting aside pre-established ways of thinking, feeling and acting about constructed differences to forge deep bonds of carnal convivial friendships. Yet, this book argues that becoming a fighter is highly socially contingent and remains subject to rupture due to the durability of taken-for-granted thinking about race, gender and sexuality, which, if drawn upon, could pull people out of the category of fighter and back into longer-standing durable categories. This book deploys Butler's theory of performativity and Bourdieu's conceptualisation of habitus to explore the context-specific ways people transgress identity whilst remaining attentive to the constrained nature of agency. The book is intended for undergraduate and master's students on courses looking at race, racism, gender, social anthropology, sociology and sociology of sport.

This fully updated edition provides selected mouse genetic techniques and their application in modeling varieties of human diseases. The chapters are mainly focused on the generation of different transgenic mice to accomplish the manipulation of genes of interest, tracing cell lineages, and modeling human diseases. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and up-to-date, Mouse Genetics: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition delivers fundamental techniques and protocols to geneticists, molecular biologists, cell and developmental biologists, students, and postdoctoral fellows working in the various disciplines of genetics, developmental biology, mouse genetics, and modeling human diseases.

Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) is a highly versatile model with a genetic legacy of more than a century. It provides powerful genetic, cellular, biochemical and molecular biology tools to address many questions extending from basic biology to human diseases. One of the most important questions in biology is how a multi-cellular organism develops from a single-celled embryo. The discovery of the genes responsible for pattern formation has helped refine this question and has led to other questions, such as the role of various genetic and cell biological pathways in regulating the process of pattern formation and growth during organogenesis. The Drosophila eye model has been extensively used to study molecular genetic mechanisms involved in patterning and growth. Since the genetic machinery involved in the Drosophila eye is similar to humans, it has been used to model human diseases and homology to eyes in other taxa. This updated second edition covers current progress in the study of molecular genetic mechanisms of pattern formation, mutations in axial patterning, genetic regulation of growth, and more using the Drosophila eye as a model.

Undoubtedly, Drosophila melanogaster, fruit fly, has proved to be one of the most popular invertebrate model organisms, and the work horse for modern day biologists. Drosophila, a highly versatile model with a genetic legacy of more than a century, provides powerful genetic, cellular, biochemical and molecular biology tools to address many questions extending from basic biology to human diseases. One of the most important questions in biology focuses on how does a multi-cellular organism develop from a single-celled embryo. The discovery of the genes responsible for pattern formation has helped refine this question, and led to other questions, such as the role of various genetics and cell biological pathways in regulating the crucial process of pattern formation and growth during organogenesis. Drosophila eye model has been extensively used to study molecular genetic mechanisms involved in patterning and growth. Since the genetic machinery involved in the Drosophila eye is similar to humans, it has been used to model human diseases and homology to eyes in other taxa. This book will discuss molecular genetic mechanisms of pattern formation, mutations in axial patterning, Genetic regulation of growth in Drosophila eye, and more. There have been no titles in the past ten years covering this topic, thus an update is urgently needed.

This fully updated edition provides selected mouse genetic techniques and their application in modeling varieties of human diseases. The chapters are mainly focused on the generation of different transgenic mice to accomplish the manipulation of genes of interest, tracing cell lineages, and modeling human diseases. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and up-to-date, Mouse Genetics: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition delivers fundamental techniques and protocols to geneticists, molecular biologists, cell and developmental biologists, students, and postdoctoral fellows working in the various disciplines of genetics, developmental biology, mouse genetics, and modeling human diseases.

The increased understanding of molecular aspects associated with chronic diseases, such as cancer and the role of tumor microenvironment, has led to the identification of endogenous and exogenous stimuli that can be exploited to devise "stimuli-responsive" materials for site-specific drug delivery applications. This book provides a comprehensive account on the design, materials chemistry, and application aspects behind these novel stimuli-responsive materials. Setting the scene, the editors open with a chapter addressing the need for smart materials in delivery applications for therapy, imaging and disease diagnosis. The following chapter describes the key physical and chemical aspects of smart materials, from lipids to polymers to hybrid materials, providing the reader with a springboard to delve into the more application oriented chapters that follow. With in-depth coverage of key drug delivery systems such as pH-responsive, temperature responsive, enzyme-responsive and light responsive systems, this book provides a rigorous foundation to the field. A perfect resource for graduate students and newcomers, the closing chapter on regulatory and commercialization challenges also makes the book ideal for those wanting to take the next step towards clinical translation.

We found that the workers in our sample have reasons to stay in the urban informal sector though their chances of moving into the formal sector may be quite limited. The reasons lie in the question of mobility of workers in terms of income and occupation. Regarding the income mobility, we found that higher income mobility was confined to very low levels of past income. However, some of those in higher income brackets in the past also experienced decline in their incomes. But what is noteworthy is that the percentage of that experiencing downward income mobility over time is much less than those who reported an increase in incomes. Therefore, the extent of upward income movement seems to exceed the downward income movement. But at the same time, workers have faced downward occupational mobility if the regular wage jobs are given the top priority. However, we cannot judge improvements only in terms of change in occupation categories; intra-occupational upward mobility in terms of income cannot be ruled out. From this point of view, we can say that the decision to migrate was not irrational at all even though these workers may be working within the informal sector their entire life.

One of the most successful, fascinating and useful applications of mathematics has been in the study of motions of fluids (gases and liquids).The perfect or ideal fluids are characterized by the assumptions that for then the stress tensor is a linear function of the rate of strain tensor and the stress vector on a plane surface in contact with a fluid is normal to the surface. About seven decades ago phenomena were observed which could not be explained on the assumptions of this theory. When the assumptions of this theory were examined, it was considered feasible to relax the assumption of linearity between stress and rate of strain tensors. More general nonlinear relations between stress and rate of strain tensors were postulated. It immediately led to the development of theory of non-Newtonian fluids flows. #To extend the results of the flow and heat transfer behavior of Newtonian fluids to Non-Newtonian Reiner-Rivlin fluid. #To study the flow and heat transfer behaviour of Reiner-Rivlin fluid as it occur in industry under conditions, which arise there. The solution of each of the problems given in the book is an intellectual challenge.

The present work of the book is devoted to the study of fixed point theorems in complete metric spaces, metrically convex spaces, symmetric spaces, non-Archimedean Menger PM-spaces, fuzzy metric spaces, normed linear spaces and Banach spaces under different contractive conditions and weaker forms of commutativity for single-valued and multivalued mappings. The book ends with some fixed point theorems by using iterative procedures.