The global population is projected to reach almost 10 billion by 2050, and food and feed production will need to increase by 70%. Wheat, maize and sorghum are three key cereals which provide nutrition for the majority of the world's population. Their production is affected by various abiotic stresses which cause significant yield losses. The effects of climate change also increase the frequency and severity of such abiotic stresses. Molecular breeding technologies offer real hope for improving crop yields. Although significant progress has been made over the last few years, there is still a need to bridge the large gap between yields in the most favorable and most stressful conditions. This book: - Provides a valuable resource for wheat, maize and sorghum scientists working on breeding and molecular biology, physiology and biotechnology. - Presents the latest in-depth research in the area of abiotic stress tolerance and yield improvements. - Contains the necessary information to allow plant breeders to apply this research to effectively breed new varieties of these crops. It provides a consolidated reference for plant breeders and crop scientists working on the challenges of enhanced crop productivity and climate change adaptability.

Plant parasitic nematodes are costly burdens of crop production, causing an estimated US$80 - 118 billion per year in damage to crops. They are associated with nearly every important agricultural crop, and are a significant constraint on global food security. Regulations on the use of chemical pesticides have resulted in growing interest in alternative methods of nematode control. Future changes in climate, cropping systems, food habits, as well as social and environmental factors also affect the options for nematode control. Taking a systematic crop by crop approach, this book: Outlines the economic importance of specific plant parasitic nematode problems on the major food and industrial crops. Presents the state-of-the-art management strategies that have been developed to reduce specific nematode impacts, and outlines their limitations. Contains case studies to illustrate impact in the field. Aims to anticipate future changes in nematode disease pressure that might develop as a result of climate change, and new cropping systems.

General Assembly, Official Records, Seventh Session, Supplement No. 3.

This work provides useful information about home automation in an economical way making it viable for middle class. Home Automation includes the automation of curtains, lights, temperature, fans, heater and security connected to a touch screen with three user saving options. User can set upper and lower limits of temperature with the help of temperature sensor to turn on fan or heater and can also slide open/close the curtains with the assistance of light sensors. Infra-red sensors are used for security system.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is important cereal crop and staple food of people of Pakistan. It occupies the first position in area amongst the cereal crops and covers about 65% of food crop area in Pakistan. Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) are cosmopolitan insects that are associated with stored grains. The red flour beetle feed only on flour and broken kernels. In addition to grain they attack dried feeds, dry fruits, pulses and prepared cereal foods such as cornflakes and numerous other stored food products. Flour beetles contaminate wheat and other cereal products by their feces and cast -off exoskeleton. The odors that they leave and discoloration of white cereal products to a dirty gray. Both the larva and the adult cause damage. Chemicals are quite harmful and very expensive and cause many human health problems. Keeping in view the importance of these problems, present studies were under taken as an attempt to find out the inherent and comparative resistance of different wheat varieties against Red flour beetles, which could be utilized in developing wheat varieties resistance against this pest in future.

Wheat, Triticum aestivum (L.), is the major crop with the largest area under cultivation in Pakistan and it plays a significant role in the economic stability of the country. Wheat possesses a high food value and provides all the necessary constituents of human life in an adequate and well-balanced form as compared to other cereals. Wheat being the major food grains, there has been considerable increase in its consumption due to population pressure, income improvement and substitution effects. Out of the total food grain consumption, the share of the wheat is more than 70 percent. It is cultivated over 8069 thousand hectares with annual production of 19235 thousand tons. The average yield in the year 2003 was 2384 kg/ha. The aphid problem can be tackled with the application of commonly used insecticides but the drawback lies with their haphazard use resulting in problems of health hazards, environmental pollution and development of resistance in insects against insecticides. It is, therefore, advisable to screen out wheat varieties/cultivars possessing resistance against aphids.

Tuberculosis is the most important contagious disease of the world causes morbidity and mortality among adults. Timely and accurate detection is very essential to decline the morbidity and mortality of the disease. In present study a total of 2413 patient's sputum samples were screened for Tuberculosis. Out of 2413 suspected samples, 432 sputum samples were found positive. Prevalence rate was 17.9%. Data analysis revealed that out of these 432 of TB positive patients 190 were males and 242 were females. The distribution breakup of the TB positive patients was 45, 34, 55, 67, 35, 39, 41,32, 49 and 35 patients come from the village Jagal, Noor Colony, Malkiyar, Khalabat Township, Shah Maqsood, Ali Khan, Kangrha Colony, Khanpur, Darwesh and Mungh respectively. In present study high prevalence rate was found in age group of 15-30 (23 %). It has been noted that females, 242 (56%) are more affected of Tuberculosis as compared to males, 190 (44%). Our findings indicate that majority of the positive patients have poor socioeconomic conditions. Out of 432 positive patients, 285 (65.98%) belonged to lower class socioeconomic status.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is one of the most important Flavivirida infections with significant clinical problems throughout the world in humans. Six major Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes and hundreds of subtypes have been identified globally. All these genotypes are generally studied for epidemiology, their vaccine development and clinical management. This thesis comments the frequency distribution of various HCV genotypes circulate in different areas/districts of Khyber Pakhtoonkhaw Province of Pakistan. Out of the tested samples, genotype specific PCR fragments were observed in 299 (74.82%) patient serum samples. The distribution of genotypes of the typeable samples was as follows: 3 patients (0.72%) each were infected with genotype 1a and genotype 1b; 240 patients (80.26%) of genotype 3a; 25 patients (6.00%) genotype 3b; and 28 patients (6.73%) were observed as with mixed genotypic infection. Sums of 116 serum samples (27.88%) were still found untypeable by the used molecular genotyping system. In conclusion, HCV genotypes 1a, 1b, 3a and 3b are distributed in various parts of KPK among which the genotype 3a is the most frequent genotype.

Common (bread) wheat is an allohexaploid species (Triticum aestivum L.) with 3 compensating genomes AABBDD (2n=6x=42 chromosomes). Traditionally genetic and physical mapping in this most important cereal crop has been based on molecular markers (RFLPs, PCR, Insitu hybridization etc). The recent development in producing deletion lines of common wheat (using Aegilops cylindricum genome) has revolutionized the physical mapping of wheat chromosomes. During present study, deletion lines of chromosomes 5A of common wheat were used to identify RAPD (Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA) based molecular markers specific for short and/or long arm of chromosome 5A. Out of the 7 RAPD primers used, OPA-07 showed useful polymorphism for long arm deletion lines viz; del5AL-10 and del5AL-23. By comparing the C-banding karyotype of the deletion lines, it is inferred that the primer (OPA-07) anneals to the distal half of the long arm of chromosome 5A.

The present book primarily deals with the lower rim substituted calix 4]arene derivatives and their metal ion complexes, and the biomimetic and biological studies of these complexes. Broadly, the book could be divided into the following three parts: (i) The K+ was found to act as template in the formation of calix 4]arene tetra-amide derivative exclusively, with the generation of calix 4]arene-monoanion and the structure of this has been characterized by single crystal XRD study. (ii) Metal ion complexes of p-tert-butylcalix 4]arene-diacid with Mn(II), Mn(IV), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Sn(IV) have been discussed. Co-administration of lead and tin complexes on porphyrin metabolism, oxidative stress and distribution of metal ion concentration in blood and soft tissues in rats have been evaluated. (iii) Anthracene anchored derivatives of p-tert-butyl-calix 4]arene were subjected to the binding studies with the divalent metal ions. Based on the photo-physical studies, an imine-based derivative were found to act as a chemosensor for Fe(II)and Cu(II) ions.

The purpose of this book is to supply the basic Geologic and Geophysical information's about the Miano Area, Sindh Pakistan. Using seismic Reflection Method to explore the subsurface structures and the natural Resources (Hydrocarbons) and to understand what lies beneath the surface of Earth using the data resulted from surveys conducted by OMV, Pakistan. The studied area is a good reservoir area. This book contains the introduction to the Area, its General Geology, Geomorphology and Tectonic frame work. From exploration point of view this area is very important. Major structures observed in this area are discussed in very detail and broad words.

Decentralization in Pakistan being implemented in August 14, 2001. The system lasts almost 9 years in the country and it is the need to analyze decentralized extension services in the country along with other disciplines. Through this work, authors tries to attempt to look into the matter in agricultural extension context. After reading this work reader may develop a deep insight towards decentralization

In Artificial Intelligence knowledge representation is a combination of data structures and interpretive procedures that leads to knowledgeable behavior. It is required to investigate such knowledge representation technique in which knowledge can be easily represented in computer. This book compares various knowledge representation techniques and proves that predicate logic is more efficient and accurate knowledge representation scheme. The algorithm presented in this book splits the English text into phrases/constituents and then represents these in predicate logic. Another algorithm splits the Urdu text into phrases/constituents and then represents these in predicate logic. These algorithms also regenerate the original sentences from the representation in order to check the accuracy of representation. These algorithms have been tested on real text of English and Urdu. As the algorithms work on pre-tagged input files, so if the tagging is done correctly then these algorithms achieve high level of accurately. Therefore it is required that there should be proper rules with the help of which one can correctly tag the input text into phrases/constituents.